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BIOL2045 > Model organisms > Flashcards

Model organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the model organisms?

A
  • ‘the worm’
  • ‘the fly’
  • Echinoderms, amphioxus and sea squirts- Deuterostome invertebrates
  • Vertebrate models
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2
Q

The tree of (animal) life

A
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3
Q

What are the developmental patterns among metazoan

A
  • Diploblast
  • Triploblast
  • Protostome
  • Coelom schizocoely
  • Ecdysoan
  • Lophotrochozoan
  • Deuterostome
  • Coelom enterocoely
  • Spiral vs radial cleavage
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4
Q

What are diploblast?

A

two cell layers (endo- and ectoderm (germ layer on the outside of the embryo that forms the skin and nervous system)

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5
Q

What are Triploblast?

A

three primary germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm giving rise to muscle and skeletal system and endoderm

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6
Q

Snails

A
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7
Q

Tell me the coiling in snail shells?

A
  • Genes that pattern the ‘handedness’ of the snail shell also pattern left/right asymmetry in human development
  • Snails have spiraling symmetry- left or right-handed coiling of the snail
  • Genes that control the spiraling are the same genes that set up the left/right symmetry in vertebrates/ invertebrates
  • Most snails are right-handed
  • Snails are hermaphrodites
  • Left-handed snails can’t reproduce unless find an equally left sided female due to where the genitals are located
  • Example of Jeremy the left-handed snail gave birth to 52 right-handed offspring, so it’s a developmental outcome rather than genetic
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8
Q

Nematodes, C. elegans

A
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9
Q

‘the fly’, D. melanogaster

A
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10
Q

‘the fly’, D. melanogaster

A
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11
Q

‘the fly’, D. melanogaster

A
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12
Q

Deuterostome invertebrates

A
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13
Q

Echinoderms

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq-BY-JpPaM

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14
Q

Echinoderms

A
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15
Q

Sea squirts

A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZyZeml9oyM

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16
Q

Historical observations of body plans

A
17
Q

Disparate adult forms, but similar developmental starting place

A
18
Q

Vertebrate models

A
19
Q

Fish models

A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1vun3ETAkE

20
Q

Amphibian models

A
21
Q

Amphibian models

A
22
Q

Birds and mammals

A
23
Q

Hox genes

A
24
Q

Human models

A
  • The moment of conception. The pronuclei fuse
  • Following by the first division of the egg cell
  • after several more divisions, the new embryo forms the bastula (hollow ball of cells)
  • by 6 weeks, the embryo has a heart, eyes, a NS and limb buds
  • attached to the embryo is the yolk sac which will nourish it until the plaencta is fully developed
  • The yolk sac is still present at 8 weeks, the embryo now has fingers, toes and a face
  • by 12 weeks the yolk sac has gone and the embryo is beginning to make rudimentary movements
  • at 6 months the foetus is now almost fully developed. it simply needs to grow in the safety of the mothers womb
  • movements are now strong
  • by 9 months, the foetus is ready to be born
25
Q

What are pros and cons of model organisms?

A

Pros:

Lab friendly

Quick generation time

Learn more about evolutionary history

Cons:

Unusual compared with other organisms

Taxon specific development

Not completely representative

26
Q

summary

A
  • You will now have an appreciation of:
  • What are model organisms?

‘the worm’

‘the fly’

Echinoderms, amphioxus and sea squirts- Deuterostome invertebrates

Vertebrate models

  • Similarities and differences across model organisms
  • How are model organisms used?
  • Ethical dilemmas

BIOL2045 (14 decks)

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