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nutrition 100 > Energy Balance and Weight Management > Flashcards

Energy Balance and Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize

A

carbohydrates only

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2
Q

A feature of catabolic reactions is that they

A

involve release of energy

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3
Q

Which of the following reactions is an example of an anabolic reaction?

A

Cholesterol synthesis from acetyl CoA molecules

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4
Q

Which of the following defines a coenzyme?

A

An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme

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5
Q

The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as

A

glycolysis

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6
Q

When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more

A

lactate

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7
Q

What is a possible fate of acetyl CoA?

A

Synthesis to fatty acids

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8
Q

Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of

A

fatty acids only

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9
Q

What is a characteristic of the metabolism of specific macronutrients?

A

The rate of fat oxidation does not change when fat is eaten in excess

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10
Q

Which of the following leads to the production of urea?

A

Oxidation of amino acids

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11
Q

What are the products from the complete oxidation of fatty acids?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, and energy

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12
Q

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

A

ATP

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13
Q

How does excess carbohydrate intake contribute to obesity?

A

It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat

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14
Q

Which of the following is the body’s first response to the absorption of abundant amounts of carbohydrate?

A

Synthesis and storage of glycogen

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15
Q

Which of the following is a feature of low-carbohydrate diets?

A

Overall body fat losses are about the same as with other diets

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16
Q

Which of the following is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men?

A

Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase

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17
Q

Excess alcohol intake leads to a reduction in the rate of ____ synthesis.

A

liver glucose

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18
Q

What is acetaldehyde?

A

An intermediate in alcohol metabolism

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19
Q

A feature of ketosis is that it ____.

A

occurs when fats are partially oxidized

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20
Q

A moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized woman is defined as up to ____ drink(s).

A

one

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21
Q

A typical cell contains “powerhouses,” which is another name for the ____.

A

mitochondria

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22
Q

An aerobic reaction is one that requires ____.

A

​oxygen

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23
Q

How many acetyl CoA molecules can be obtained from oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid?

A

9

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24
Q

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a deficiency of ____.

A

thiamin

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25
Q

What type of molecules serve as electron carriers to the electron transport chain?

A

Coenzymes

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26
Q

Which of the following are all used to compute a woman’s BMR?

A

Body weight, height, and age

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27
Q

You are planning a diet for a hospitalized patient who cannot participate in physical activity because both of his legs are broken and he will be bedridden for 6 weeks. Which of the following would best assess the patient’s energy expenditure?

A

Basal metabolic rate

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28
Q

What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30 percent body fat and young men with 20 percent body fat?

A

normal

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29
Q

Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the

A

hips and thighs.

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30
Q

Intra-abdominal fat is the same as

A

visceral fat

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31
Q

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process are called ____.

A

Enzymes

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32
Q

Which of the following hormones is most responsible for signaling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a meal

A

Cholecystokinin

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33
Q

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?

A

4 hours

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34
Q

What diet promotes the greatest loss of body heat?

A

High protein, low fat

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35
Q

Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body’s metabolic rate?

A

Amount of lean body tissue

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36
Q

Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5’5” tall and weighs 165 pounds. She calculated her BMI to be 27.5. She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much weight (pounds) must she lose?

A

33

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37
Q

What is a feature of the body mass index?

A

It correlates with disease risks.

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38
Q

What is the primary factor that differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge eating?

A

Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder.

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39
Q

Approximately what fraction of people treated for anorexia nervosa show reasonable maintenance of their weight gain?

A

1/2

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40
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?

A

Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting

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41
Q

What is a characteristic of amenorrhea?

A

It induces prolonged bone loss.

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42
Q

What is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?

A

It may be more harmful than fat in other locations, according to some research.

43
Q

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

A

Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass.

44
Q

The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for ____.

A

carbs

45
Q

Inflammation is characterized by an increase in ____.

A

​immune cell accumulation

46
Q

A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below ____.

A

17

47
Q

Which statement may best explain the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female reproductive system?

A

​Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development.

48
Q

Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass?

A

50

49
Q

For an average person on a 2000 kcalorie diet, how many kcalories are used specifically for basal metabolism?

A

1000

50
Q

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which food would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?

A

turkey

51
Q

Example of an anabolic reaction

A

Synthesis of cholesterol from acetate

52
Q

Example of a catabolic reaction

A

Synthesis of pyruvate from glycogen

53
Q

A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction

A

Enzyme

54
Q

A small non-protein organic substance that promotes optimal activity of an enzyme

A

coenzyme

55
Q

A product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

56
Q

A product of pyruvate metabolism when oxygen is limited

A

lactate

57
Q

The oxidation product of pyruvate

A

Acetyl CoA

58
Q

A recycling process of converting lactate to glucose

A

Cori cycle

59
Q

An irreversible reaction

A

Synthesis of acetyl CoA from glucose

60
Q

The part of a triglyceride that is convertible to glucose

A

Glycerol

61
Q

A product of deamination

A

Ammonia

62
Q

A compound synthesized from acetyl CoA when ATP is plentiful

A

Triglyceride

63
Q

The principal nitrogen-containing waste product

A

Urea

64
Q

Waste product of the electron transport chain

A

Water

65
Q

A storage form of carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

66
Q

The major energy fuel for the central nervous system

A

Glucose

67
Q

A ketone

A

Acetoacetate

68
Q

An enzyme with activity levels related to a person’s sex

A

Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

69
Q

A coenzyme required for metabolism of alcohol

A

NAD

70
Q

A system for metabolizing drugs and alcohol

A

MEOS

71
Q

Approximate number of kcalories in 2 pounds of body fat

A

7000

72
Q

Technique used to measure the amount of heat given off when a food burns

A

Direct calorimetry

73
Q

Technique used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed when a food burns

A

Indirect calorimetry

74
Q

Response to the smell of favorite food

A

appetite

75
Q

Irritating sensation that initiates thoughts of food

A

hunger

76
Q

A feeling of fullness after eating

A

Satiety

77
Q

Eating in response to arousal

A

Stress eating

78
Q

Eating in response to the time of day

A

External cue

79
Q

Energy needed to maintain the body at rest

A

Basal metabolism

80
Q

A factor that lowers basal metabolism

A

Fasting

81
Q

A factor that raises basal metabolism

A

Caffeine

82
Q

Approximate number of kcalories per minute expended by a person with a total daily energy need of 2900 kcalories

A

2

83
Q

Term that describes the energy needed to process food

A

Thermic effect

84
Q

Changes in energy expenditure consequent to changes in environment

A

Adaptive thermogenesis

85
Q

The amount of energy in a 1000-kcalorie meal that is expended as specific dynamic activity

A

100

86
Q

Synonymous with the thermic effect of food

A

Specific dynamic effect

87
Q

Maximum thermic effect of alcohol as percentage

A

20

88
Q

The percentage decline in basal metabolism per decade of adult life

A

5

89
Q

Body mass index of an adult of 180 lbs and 5 ft 11 in

A

25

90
Q

Lower range of body fat percentage in normal-weight men

A

18

91
Q

anabolic

A

requires energy, to join thing

92
Q

catabolic

A

releases energy, to break apart

93
Q

what does the body use to transfer energy released during catabolic reaction to power anabolic reactions that require energy

A

ATP

94
Q

What can be used to make glucose and what cannot

A

Pyruvate can Acetly CoA cannot

95
Q

amino acids and glycerol can be converted to

A

pyruvate

96
Q

fatty acids are converted to

A

Acetly CoA

97
Q

carbs should be

A

40-65%

98
Q

fats should be

A

20-35%

99
Q

protein should be

A

10-35%

100
Q

Pyruvate to Acetly CoA

A

aerobic

101
Q

fatty acids to Acetly CoA

A

fatty acid oxidation

102
Q

amino acid deamnation

A

lose their nitrogen

103
Q

1 glucose yields

A

2 pyruvate which yields 2 Acetyl CoA

104
Q

TCA Cycle

A

breaks down molecules to Acetyl CoA

nutrition 100 (6 decks)

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