Neuroanatomy 1

Question 1

what makes up the CNS

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what makes up the PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Answer 2

rest , too and from body, mostly output

Question 3

what makes up the Hindbrain

Answer 3

pons
medulla
cerebellum

Question 4

what makes up the Diencephalon

Answer 4

thalamus

hypothalamus

Question 5

what makes up the Forebrain

Answer 5

diencephalon

telencephalon

Question 6

what matter is the cortex

Answer 6

grey matter

Question 7

deep grey matter structures

Answer 7

• Thalamus: relay centre directing inputs to cortical areas
• Hypothalamus: ANS, links endocrine system to brain, homeostasis
• Basal ganglia (Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus): motor control, cognition and non-motor behaviour

Question 8

what makes up grey matter

Answer 8

neurones and processes

Question 9

what makes up white matter

Answer 9

no neurons
mostly axons
myelin

Question 10

3 classifications of long-distance axonal projections

Answer 10

1) association fibres e.g. short association fibres
2) commissural fibres e.g. Corpus Callosum
3) projection fibres e.g. internal capsule

Question 11

why is there an indentation in the frontal lobe

Answer 11

on inferior surface

due to them sitting over the orbit

Question 12

insula functions

Answer 12

disgust, emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, cognitive function

Question 13

what is the name of the cortex that overlies the insula

Answer 13

opercula

Question 14

what is in the precentral gyrus

Answer 14

upper motor neurones

Question 15

what do upper motor neurones transmit signals too?

Answer 15

upper motor neurones→ lower motor neurones → muscle

Question 16

functions of frontal lobe

Answer 16

• Motor function, problem solving, memory, judgement, impulse control, higher cognitive function, language, executive function
• Voluntary movement on opposite side of body
• Dominant – speech & writing

Question 17

functions of temporal lobe

Answer 17

• Semantic processing (the meaning and identity of things), memory, language, primary auditory cortex

Question 18

divisions of temporal lobe

Answer 18

superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus

Question 19

what is found in the superior temporal gyrus

Answer 19

primary auditory cortex

Question 20

functions of parietal lobes

Answer 20

• Somatosensory, dominant (usually left) perception, language and mathematics, non-dominant (usually right) visuospatial function

Question 21

what is in the postcentral gyrus

Answer 21

somatosensory cortex = touch , pain and joint position sense

Question 22

functions of occipital lobes

Answer 22

visual

processing of language

Question 23

where is the primary visual cortex found

Answer 23

Calcarine fissure

Question 24

what is the striate cortex

Answer 24

band of white matter within cortex of occipital lobe

Question 25

how many layers doe the neocortex have

Answer 25

6

Question 26

how is the neocortex arranged?

Answer 26

layers and radial columns

Question 27

what can the neocortex be subdivided into?

Answer 27

Brodmann areas

Question 28

Brain asymmetry ‘dominance’

Answer 28

• Anatomical hemispheres of brain are slightly different -.e.g. Petelia – right frontal slightly more forward and left occipital more backwards
• Function of hemispheres different: linguistic function=left side (Broca’s & Wernicke’s)

Question 29

what are arachnoid cisterns

Answer 29

where arachnoid comes away and CSF pools

Question 30

functions of cerebellum

Answer 30

• Co-ordinates movement & balance

Question 31

anatomy of cerebellum

Answer 31

• Attached by 3 peduncles: superior, middle, inferior
• Separated from dorsal brain stem by IVth ventricle
• Made up of folded cortex, white matter and deep inner nuclei
• Cortex folded into many by transverse folia

Question 32

how do cerebellar injuries present?

Answer 32

• loss of coordination of motor movement (asynergia)
• movement tremors (intention tremor)
• weak muscles (hypotonia)
• abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)

Question 33

functions of brain stem

Answer 33

• special senses
• sensory and motor for head and neck via cranial nerves
• autonomic regulation of body
• regulates consciousness
• pathway between brain and spinal cord

Question 34

anatomy of midbrain

Answer 34

• Tectum (superior & inferior colliculi)
• Cerebral peduncle (tegmentum & crus cerebri)
• Surrounds cerebral aqueduct
• Pons: Bridge to cerebellum
• Medulla oblongata: continuous with cord

Question 35

CNS specialised cells

Answer 35

• Nerve cells

* Neuroglia (glial cells) – support neurons

Question 36

what are tracts

Answer 36

location of a pathway, eg spinothalamic tract

Question 37

what is a lemnisci

Answer 37

narrow strip of fibres, eg medial lemniscus

Question 38

what is a funiculi

Answer 38

rope/cord

Question 39

what is a fasiculi

Answer 39

bundle

Question 40

what is a capsule

Answer 40

longitudinally running fibres are separated by other structures, eg dorsal column

Question 41

Ipsilateral

Answer 41

same side

Question 42

Contralateral

Answer 42

opposite side

Question 43

nuclei

Answer 43

collections of nerve cell bodies within the CNS, eg arcuate nucleus

Question 44

ganglia

Answer 44

collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS (eg doral root ganglia) AND some in CNS that have a capsule (eg basal ganglia)

Question 45

afferents

Answer 45

axons taking information towards the CNS, eg sensory fibres

Question 46

efferents

Answer 46

axons taking information to another site, eg motor fibres

Question 47

reticular

Answer 47

‘netlike’, where grey and white matter mix, eg reticular formation of brainstem