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Anatomy > the first 3 weeks > Flashcards

the first 3 weeks Flashcards

1
Q

cleavage

A

series of mitotic divisions occuring over a three day period

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2
Q

pronuclei forms a

A

zygote

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3
Q

zygote forms a

A

morula

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4
Q

layer of cells incarcerating cleavaging cells

A

zona pellucida

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5
Q

why cants cells going through cleavage expand individually

A

incarcerated by the zoa pellucida

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6
Q

morula forms the

A

blastocyst

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7
Q

blastocyst contains

A

inner cell mass and trophoblast

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8
Q

hatching

A

enzymatic breakdown of the zona pellucida

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9
Q

why is the ovum a large cell

A

so that it can undergo cleavage without forming cells that are too small

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10
Q

what is the trophoblast

A

cells lining the cavity in the blastocyst inside the zona pellucida

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11
Q

first cells to interface with the uterus

A

trophoblast cells

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12
Q

trophoblast will eventually become

A

the placenta

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13
Q

trophablast divided into

A

cytotrophoblast and synsitiotrophoblast

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14
Q

cytotrophoblast cell nuclei

A

single nuclei per cell

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15
Q

syncytiotrophoblast cell nuclei

A

multiple nuclei per cell (cytotrophoblastic cells that have joined together)

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16
Q

syncytium

A

giant multinucleated cells blending together

searches for maternal blood and uterine milk and absorbs nutrient via diffusion

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17
Q

what has been achieved by week 2

A

fully implanted embryo

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18
Q

lacunae of maternal blood and uterine milk

A

forms around the embryo and diffuses to help it grow

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19
Q

extraembryonic mesoderm located

A

inside the cytotrophoblast cells

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20
Q

Heuser’s membrane

A

thin layer of cells inside the extraembryonic mesoderm

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21
Q

ventral means

A

toward the belly

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22
Q

dorsal means

A

toward the back (spine)

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23
Q

formation of the chorionic cavity

A

ventral extraembryonic mesoderm splits causing small cavities to form in the extracellular matrix which later fuse together to form the chorionic cavity

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24
Q

3 cavities

A

amniotic cavity, yolk sac, chorionic cavity

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25
Q

amniotic cavity located

A

dorsally

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26
Q

chorionic cavity located

A

ventrally

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27
Q

connecting stalk

A

created as the chorionic cavity grows and pinches off and joins dorsally to the amniotic cavity

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28
Q

chorionic cavity also called

A

extraembryonic celoem

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29
Q

division of the yolk sac

A

primary yolk sac breaks of and moves ventrally dude leaving the definitive yolk sac dorsally

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30
Q

definitive yolk sac

A

only endoderm derived from the hypoblast (hypoblast is typically extraembryonic - this is the only hypoblast part that is found in the embryo)

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31
Q

how does the embryo get nuttrient during the first three weeks

A

in the first three weeks it is small enough to survuve via diffusion

32
Q

chorionic villi

A

formed from EEM directed outward toward maternal capillary network
carries fetal blood vessels outward to aid nutrient collection `

33
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of the three germ layers

34
Q

three germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

35
Q

embryonic disk

A

where the epiblast and hypoblast layers are in contact

36
Q

epiblast

A

amniotic cavity side

37
Q

hypoblast

A

yolk sac side

38
Q

feature at the cranial end of the bilaminar disk

A

oropharyngeal membrane

39
Q

feature at the caudal end of the bilaminar disk

A

cloacal membrane

40
Q

primitive streak made up of

A

primitive groove, node and pit

41
Q

primitive groove

A

linear groove

42
Q

primitive node

A

head of primitive streak

43
Q

primitive pit

A

indent in the centre of the primitive node

44
Q

embryonic mechanisms

A
  1. proliferate
  2. differentiate
  3. migrate
  4. induction
  5. combination
45
Q

proliferate

A

grow in cell number

46
Q

differentiate

A

alter developmental trajectory

47
Q

migration

A

cells move from one area to another

48
Q

induction

A

cause other cells or neighbouring cells to differentiate

49
Q

combination

A

whole organs are formed from different germ layers

50
Q

overexpression of cerberus protein causes

A

ectopic heads

51
Q

liver is made up of

A

mostly endodermal (biliary and hepatocytes)
blood supply and some CT from mesoderm
nerves from ectoderm

52
Q

epiblast migration

A

2 migrations of epiblast cells form the 3 germ layers

53
Q

migration occurs at

A

the primitive groove

54
Q

the first migration occurs during

A

days 14-15

55
Q

the first migration involves

A

piblast cells migrate and differentiate into endodermal cells
§ Displaces hypoblast from embryonic disk
□ Hence why hypoblast is extraembryonic

56
Q

second migration occurs during

A

day 16

57
Q

second migration involves

A
  • Epiblast cells migrate and differentiate into mesodermal cells
    - Remaining surface epiblast differentiates into ectoderm
    § Mesoderm separates ectoderm from endoderm
    □ Except for the oral and cloacal membranes
    ® Direct contact between them with no mesoderm
58
Q

remaining surface epiblast differentiaties into

A

endoderm

59
Q

direct contact between endoderm and ectoderm occurs at

A

oral and cloacal membranes

60
Q

mesoderm proliferates, differentiates and migrates forming

A
  • Paraxial mesoderm - somites
    - Intermediate mesoderm - paired glands
    - Lateral plate mesoderm - body wall and gut tube wall
61
Q

paraxial mesoderm forms

A

somites

62
Q

intermediate mesoderm forms

A

paired glands (kidneys, etc.)

63
Q

lateral plate mesoderm

A

body wall and gut tube wall

64
Q

mesoderm from the pimitive pit differentiates into

A

notochord

65
Q

which direction does the notochord grow

A

toward cranial end

66
Q

what is nueralation

A

neural tube formation

67
Q

nueral tube formation

A
  • overlying ectoderm proliferates and differentiates
  • creates a nueral groove
  • nueral cret cells fuse
68
Q

openings at each end of the notochord are called

A

nueropores

69
Q

tube cells are located

A

around the nueral canal

70
Q

tube cells form

A

brain and spinal cord

71
Q

crest cells will form

A

PNS

72
Q

surface cells form

A

skin/epidermis

73
Q

3 ectodermal developmental trajectories from nureal tube

A

tube cells
crest cells
surface cells

74
Q

caudal nueropore closure failure

A

spina bifida

75
Q

cranial neuropore closure failure

A

anancephaly

Anatomy (16 decks)

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