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Anatomy II > 1. The heart structures > Flashcards

1. The heart structures Flashcards

1
Q

Where’s the heart situated?

A

In the thoracic cavity, ventrally

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2
Q

Explain the position of the heart in respect to the lung and it’s position between the lungs

A

The left lung is smaller than right one due to the heart being positioned here.
The space btw the lungs where the heart is situated is called Mediastinum medium

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3
Q

What’s Mediastinum medium?

A

The space between the lungs where the heart is situated.

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4
Q

The heart is an organ imp for which system?

A

Circulatory system.

The central organ of Circulatory system

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5
Q

What’s the exact position of the heart in each specie?

In Car, Bo, small Ru, Sus, Eq

A

In Car, Sus, Eq: Btw 3rd - 6th rib
In Bo: Btw 3rd - 5th rib
In small Ru: Btw 2nd - 5th rib

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6
Q

What’s typical for ruminants position of the heart?

A

That the apex cordis of the heart, touches the diaphragm.

Heart is still laying in the mediastinum medium

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7
Q

What’s typical for equine position of the heart?

A

That the lobus accessorius pulmonis of the lung lays between the diaphragm and the heart.
It does not touches the diaphragm by apex cordis.

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8
Q

Which 4 chambers does the heart consist of and which carries oxygenated/deoxygenated blood?

A
  • Atrium dextrum: Deoxyg. blood
  • Ventriculus dexter: Deoxyg. blood
  • Atrium sinistrum: Oxygenated blood
  • Ventriculus sinistrum: Oxygenated blood
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9
Q

From the left side of animal if you would open the abdomen, you can easiest see?

A

The main arteries, out from the heart

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10
Q

From the right side of animal if you would open the abdomen, you can easiest see?

A

Venous system, from vessels back to the heart.

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11
Q

What’s the two margins of the heart called?

A

Margo ventricularis dexter: Right ventricle margin

Margo ventricularis sinister: Left ventricle margin

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12
Q

Which ventricle is bigger?

A

Ventriculus sinistrum. It’s bigger and the wall thicker

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13
Q

Which part of the heart forms the basis cordis?

A

Atrium dextrum and sinistrum

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14
Q

Which part of the heart froms the apex cordis

A

Only the ventriculus sinistrum

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15
Q

What’s typical for facies auricularis?

A

The so called ears. Auricularis sinistra et dextra

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16
Q

What’s the left side and right side of the heart named?

A

Left side: Facies auricularis

Right side: Facies atrialis

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17
Q

Which sulcus can be found on facies auricularis?

A

Sulcus coronarius which continues on the left side as Sulcus interventricularis paraconalis: Btw the ventricles

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18
Q

Where is sulcus coronarius situated and between which structures?

A

It goes all the way around the heart and continues into the two sulcus on left and right side of the heart.
Situated between the basis cordis and the ventricles

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19
Q

Describe the structures that can be found on the facies auricularis

A
  • Basis cordis
  • Apex cordis
  • Auricula sinistra/dextra
    Sulcus coronarius –> Sulcus interventricularis paraconalis
  • Margo ventricularis dexter/sinister
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20
Q

Describe the margo ventricularis dexter and sinister.

What forms them and what do they form?

A

Margo ventricularis dexter

  • Formed by right ventricle
  • Forms caudal contour of the heart, close to the head

Margo ventricularis sinister

  • Formed by left ventricle
  • Forms caudal contour of the heart, close to the diaphragm
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21
Q

Mention a structure that’s typical only in Ru and where can it be found?

A

Sulcus intermedius

- Left ventricle of the caudal contour

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22
Q

Which are the 2 main grooves of the external surface of heart?

A

Sulcus interventricularis paraconalis: Left side
Sulcus interventricularis subsinousus: Right side
Both continuation of the Sulcus coronarius

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23
Q

Where can sulcus coronarius be found?

A

On both sides of the heart since it goes all the way around it

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24
Q

On which side can the wall of atrium dextrum et sinistrum be found?

A

On facies atrialis

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25
Q

Describe the structures of the Facies atrialis

A

Venous system

  • Basis cordis
  • Apex cordis
  • Sulcus coronarius –> Sulcis interventricularis subsinosus
  • Margo ventricularis dexter et sinister
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26
Q

Which is the biggest vessel of the body

A

The aorta

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27
Q

Where can the biggest veins be found and which are they?

A
  • From the right atrium they enter the heart
  • V. cava cranialis et caudalis.
    Cran. the biggest
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28
Q

What’s typical for Bo when it comes to the vessels and sulcus coronarius?

A

The vessels from both sulcus joins and continues directly to the cordis apex together.

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29
Q

From which side can truncus pulmonalis easiest be seen?

A

From the left side, facies auricularis

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30
Q

What’s an imp structure in between Truncus pulmonalis and the Aorta?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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31
Q

Which structures form the caudal and cranial contour of the heart?

A

Formed by left ventricle (margo ventricularis sinister) and right ventricle (margo ventricularis dexter)

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32
Q

How does the atrium dextrum and atrium sinister differ from each other?

A

Atrium dextrum consist of more structures than sinistrum

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33
Q

Which parts can atrium dextrum be divided into?

A
  • Sinus venarum cavarum

- Atrium dextrum proper “True atrium”

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34
Q

What’s sinus venarum cavarum?

A
  • The dorsal part of atrium dextrum with smooth surface

- Place where v. cava cran/caud. enters the heart separately.

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35
Q

What’s a different term for atrium dextrum proper?

A

“True atrium”

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36
Q

What’s the difference between sulcus terminalis and crista terminalis?

A

Sulcus terminalis = Divided the two surfaces of atrium dextrum, externally.

Crista terminalis = Divide the two surfaces internally

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37
Q

Where can the Mm. Pectinati be found?

A

On atrium dextrum. More specifically it’s the structure that give the “True atrium” it’s rough surfaces

38
Q

What is Mm. Pectinati?

A

Muscle ridges on the wall of the true atrium and auricula dextra.
Most of them radiate from the Crista terminalis

39
Q

Which structures can be found within Atrium dextrum?

A
  • Sinus venarum cavarum
  • True atrium
  • Sulcus terminalis
  • Crista terminalis
  • Mm. pectinati
  • Auricula dextra
  • Foramina venarum minimarum
  • Sinus coronarius
  • v. cava cranialis et caudalis
40
Q

Where can Foramina venarum minimarium be found?

A

Within the Atrium dextrum

41
Q

What’s sinus coronarius?

A

It’s the name of the fusion of v. cava cranialis et caudalis when entering the atrium dextrum

42
Q

What’s the continuation of v. cava cranialis et caudalis from the sinus coronarius of the right atrium into the veins of the heart?

A

vv. cordis minimae and vv. cordis dextrae

43
Q

Where on the right atrium does the vv. cordis minmae and vv. cordis dextrae enter?

A

Between the Mm. pectinati and Foramina venarum minimarium (on the true atrium, sinus venarum cavarum = atrium dextrum)

44
Q

The coronary groove can be found on which side?

A

On the left side.

Facies auricularis

45
Q

Why is it dangerous with too much fat in the coronary groove?

A

Since it’s the situation for the coronary arteries and branches in the Sulcus coronarius/interventricularis.
- They are very imo for the blood supply of the heart.

46
Q

What’s the opening of the ventriculus dexter called and from where does it open and into?

A

Ostium atrioventriculare dextrum

- From right atrium into right ventricle

47
Q

What’s the ostium atrioventriculare dextrum opened and closed by?

A

A valva.

Valva atrioventricularis dextra or valva tricuspidalis

48
Q

Another name for valva atrioventricularis dextra

A

Valva tricuspidalis (with 3 cuspis)

49
Q

How many cuspis and what are the name of the cuspis of valva tricuspidalis?

A

There’s 3 cuspis

  1. Cuspis parietalis
  2. Cuspis septalis
  3. Cuspis angularis (with chordae tendinae)
50
Q

Where can the cuspis parietalis be found?

A

Next to the wall of the right ventricle

51
Q

Where can the cuspis septalis be found?

A

Next to the septum interventriculare, btw the right and left ventricle

52
Q

Where can the cuspis angularis be found?

A

It continues partly to Mm. papillaris parvus and partly to Mm. papillaris magnus.

53
Q

What’s trabecule carnae?

A
  • Small holes on the inner surface of the ventricles

- Causes the rough inner surface of ventriculus dexter

54
Q

How many trabecula septomarginalis can be found within the ventriculus dexter and where?

A
  • Only 1

- Btw the septum interventriculare and margin wall of right ventricle

55
Q

Where on the ventriculus dexter can the chordae tendinae be found?

A

Btw the valva tricuspidalis and the Mm. papillaris

56
Q

Which structure leads the blood out through the right ventricle to the lungs?
Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

The truncus pulmonalis / arteria pulmonalis (same thing)

The blood transported out from the heart to the lungs is deoxygenated

57
Q

What’s the opening of the truncus pulmonalis called?

A

Ostium trunci pulmonalis

58
Q

What’s valva trunci pulmonalis?

A

It’s the valve that’s responsible for opening and closing of the Ostium trunci pulmonalis

59
Q

How many valvulae does the valva trunci pulmonalis consist of?
What are the valvulae’s name?

A

Consist of 3 small valvulaes:

  1. Valvula semilunaris dextra
  2. Valvula semilunaris sinistra
  3. Valvula semilunaris intermedia
60
Q

Which muscles does the ventriculus dexter consist of?

A

3 Mm. papillaris

61
Q

Which are the Mm. papillaris of right side of heart?

A
  1. Mm. Papillaris magnus: On the wall
  2. Mm. Papillaris parvus: On septum interventriculare
  3. Mm. Papillaris subarteriosus: Under the origin of truncus pulmonalis
62
Q

What’s the continuation of the Truncus pulmonalis?

A

Conus arteriosus

63
Q

From truncus pulmonalis continues which arteries from right ventricle to the lungs?

A

a. pulmonalis dextra et sinistra

64
Q

Which chamber of the heart is undivided?

A

Atrium sinistrum

65
Q

What’s the position of atrium sinistrum?

A

More caudally situated to the atrium dextrum

66
Q

What’s a typical recognition mark for atrium sinistrum?

A

Auricula sinistra

67
Q

Which structures belong to atrium sinistrum?

A
  • Auricula sinistra
  • Mm. pectinati (rough surface)
  • Vv. pulmonales enters
68
Q

Where’s the Mm. pectinati of the atrium sinistrum situated?

A

Within the auricula sinistra

69
Q

What’s the function of the vv. pulmonales?

A

To drain the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

70
Q

Describe the continuation and function of the vv. pulmonales.
How many branches does it have?

A
  • It continues from the left atrium -> left ventricle through the Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum by the valva A-V sinistra that opens and closes it.
  • Has 5-6 branches depending on specie and breed.
71
Q

What blood does ventriculus sinister carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

72
Q

What’s the opening between left atrium and left ventricle called?

A

Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum

73
Q

What’s the names for Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrums valve?
Same thing different names.

A
  1. Valva atrioventriculare sinister
  2. Valva bicuspidalis
  3. Valva mitralis
74
Q

How many cuspis and what are the name of the cuspis of valva bicuspidalis?

A

There’s 2 cuspis

  1. Cuspis septalis
  2. Cuspis parietalis
75
Q

Where can the cuspis of ventriculus sinister be found and what’s their name?

A
  1. Cuspis septalis: Lies on the side of septum.

2. Cuspis parietalis: Lies on the opposite side of cuspis septalis

76
Q

What’s the main difference of cuspis between the ventriculus dexter and ventriculus sinister?

A
  • Ventriculus dexter has 3 cuspis; -septalis/parietalis/ angularis
  • Ventriculus sinister has 2 cuspis; -septalis/parietalis.
    No angularis!!!
77
Q

Where can chordae tendinae be found on left side?

A

Situated between Mm. papillaris and valva A-V sinistrum.

It’s the same in both ventricles only difference is the 2nd name of valva A-V sinister that may differ

78
Q

Which are the Mm. Papillares of left ventricle and where can they be found?

A
  1. M. papillaris subatrialis: Under atrium sinistrum
  2. M. papillaris subauricularis: Inside wall of Fascies auricularis

Only 2 Mm. papillares in left ventricle
3 papillares muscles in right ventricle

79
Q

What’s the function of the chordae tendinae in the ventricles?

A

Connection between muscles and the cusps

Eg. 2 muscles / 2 cusps, 3 muscles / 3 cusps

80
Q

Describe what you can of the aorta:

  • It’s origin
  • Opening called
  • Position
  • Vavulae’s
A
  • Starts from ventriculus sinister
  • Opening between ventricle and aorta = Ostium aortae , consisted by a valvae aortae opening/closing aorta.
  • The valve is composed by 3 valvulae:
  1. Valvula semilunaris dextra
  2. Valvula semilunaris sinistra 3. Valvula semilunaris septalis
81
Q

What’s the function of trabecula carnae of the ventricles?

A

Giving them it’s rough inner surface

- Small holes

82
Q

Where’s septum interatriale situated?

A

Between the left and right atria

- Tissue wall.

83
Q

Why is septum interatriale so imp for fetus?

A
  • It’s structure with an Ostium ovalis that’s imp for the fetus blood circulation.
  • This ostium ovalis of Foramen ovale is situated on the septum.
  • The ostium ovalis closes after birth and becomes Fossa ovalis.
84
Q

What’s Tuberculum intervenosum? Describe it’s function.

A

A structure that regulates the blood flow direction of the v. cava cranialis/caudalis when entering into the right atrium, since they enter in opposite direction.

It allows the blood to “get together” in a regulated flow.

Situated btw the 2 vena cava

85
Q

Where’s septum interventriculare and which structures can be found in this area?

A
  • Situated btw the 2 ventricles

- Contains cuspis, papillary muscles and trabeculae septomarginalis

86
Q

Describe the transportation of the oxygenated blood through the heart

A

Lungs -> vena pulmonalis -> left atrium -> ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum -> ventriculus sinister -> ostium aortae -> oxygenated blood to the whole body

87
Q

What’s the origination for the aorta?

A

Ostium aortae with valvae aortae

88
Q

Which structures make up the valvae aortae?

A

The 3 valvula;

  • valvule semilunaris sinistra
  • valvule semilunaris dextra
  • vavulae semilunaris septalis
89
Q

Which are the branches of the aorta?

A

a. coronarius sinistra et dextra

90
Q

Typical features of heart on left side

A

Facies auricularis

  • Truncus/Artery pulmonalis
  • Arteries
  • Aorta
  • Ligamentum arteriosum
91
Q

Typical features of the heart on the right side

A

Facies atrialis

  • Vena cava cranialis et caudalis / Venous system

Anatomy II (8 decks)

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