Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANP 300 > Lab 2: The back > Flashcards

Lab 2: The back Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A
  • one of the cutaneous layer
  • four layers in itself (except on the palms of foot and hands)
    1. superficial stratum
    2. stratum germinativum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cutaneous part

A
  • two layers:
  • epidermis
  • dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypodermis

A
  • below the dermis
  • aka superficial fascia
  • contains abundant adipose tissue
  • permits movement of the skin
  • thermal regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

superficial stratum

A
  • comprises the outer two (or three) layers of dead or dying cells
  • outermost: stratum corneum
  • deep to stratum corneum is the stratum granulosum
  • **in the case of the palms between the stratum coreum and stratum granulosum is the stratum lucidum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stratum germinativum

A
  • comprises the deepest two layers of the epidermis
  • where cell division and growth takes place
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
  • melanocytes are here- produce dark pigment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dermis

A
  • makes up the bulk of the thickness of skin
  • contains the papillary layer and reticular layer
  • contains nerves, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat (sudoriferous) glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands
  • continuous
  • dermal papilae -> receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

papillary layer

A

-connects dermis to epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sweat (sudoriferous) glands

A
  • two types:
  • eccrine glands- sweat in response to heat, watery, everywhere, released directly to skin
  • apocrine glands- sweat in response to stress (odor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

apocrine glands

A
  • sweat in response to stress (odor)
  • sudoriferous gland
  • mammary glands- specialized to secrete milk
  • within the canal of the outer ear produce watery component of cerumen (wax)
  • connected to hair follicle -> released from area of hair follicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sebaceous oil glands

A
  • connected to hair follicles
  • secrete an oily substance -> sebum
  • lubricates
  • waterproofs skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Meissners corpuscles

A
  • nerve endings responsible for touch reception
  • in the papillae
  • in papillary layer
  • specialized mechanoreceptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nerve plexuses

A
  • surround the bulbs of hair follicles

- receptive to touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pacinian corpsules

A

-responsible for pressure reception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

free nerve endings

A
  • within the dermis
  • responsible for pain sensation
  • respond to temperature
  • general sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

arrector pilli

A
  • smooth muscle attached to the epithelial root sheath and base of the epidermis
  • when it contracts- pulls the follicle and hair to errect position
  • goose bump
  • forces sebum from the sebaceous gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

body

A
  • present in every vertebrae except the first cervical (C1=the atlas)
  • weight bearing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pedicles

A
  • there are two
  • project posterior from the body
  • connection between transverse process and body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lamina

A
  • each pedicle becomes a flattened area -> lamina

- connects the transverse process and spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neural arch

A

-lamina and pedicles makeup the neural arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vertebral foramen

A
  • neural arch and posterior surface of the body form the borders around the vertebral foramen
  • series of vertebral foramen is called the vertebral canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

transverse process

A
  • projects laterally from the pedicle

- pierced by the foramen transversarium in C1-C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

spinous process

A

-projects posteriorly form the midline junction of the laminae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

superior/inferior articular processes

A
  • projects upward and downward from the neural arch

- these form synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

intervertebral disc

A
  • between adjacent vertebral bodies
  • forms cartilaginous joints between bodies
  • imparts a degree of mobility
  • gelatinous core (nucleus pulposus) surrounded by concentric layers of dense fibrous connective tissue (annulus fibrosus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

intervertebral foramen

A
  • the gap between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
  • the gap is bordered anteriorly by the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc
  • the gap is due to pedicles not being as deep as the vertebral body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

spinal nerve

A

-each intervertebral foramen transmits a spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

atlas

A
  • uppermost cervical vertebrae (C1)
  • supports the skull
  • lacks a body and spinous process
  • movement of the atlas on the axis allow person to shake ‘no’
  • movement of skull on atlas allows to nod
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

-C1-C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

superior articular facet

A
  • elongated and concave to accommodate the occipital condyles of the skull
  • use this joint when nodding head up and down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

foramen transversarium

A
  • transmits the vertebral artery and vertebral vein

- in C7 it does not transmit the vertebral artery only the vertebral vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Axis

A
  • C2
  • atlas rotates about it when turning the head
  • has dens (odontoid process)
  • spinous process is long and commonly bifid at the tip
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

dens

A
  • odontoid process
  • projects superiorly to articulate with the back of the anterior arch of the atlas
  • transverse ligament of atlas holds dens in place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

C3-C7

A
  • presence of foramen transversarium
  • presence of bifid spinous process
  • body tends to be mediolaterally concave superiorly and convex inferiorly -> body has lateral superior lips and an anterior inferior lip
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

costal facet

A
  • distinguish thoracic vertebrae
  • present for the articulation of the ribs
  • located at the tips of the transverse processes (except T11 and T12) which articulate with the tubercle on the neck of the ribs
  • the ones located on the posterosuperior and posteroinferior corners of the lateral surface of the body (except T10-12) articulate with the head of the ribs
  • most ribs have three facets and articulate with the thoracic vertebrae (synovial joint) -> permit easy breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • 12
  • distinguished by costal facets
  • long, inferiorly projecting spinous process
  • superior articular facets tend to face posteriorly
  • vertebral body tends to be heart shaped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A
  • L1-L5 (5)
  • distinguished by absence of foramen transversarium in the transverse process
  • costal facets on the body and/or transverse processes
  • spinous process is stocky and horizontal
  • superior anterior facets tend to face medially
  • vertebral body is large
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

sacral vertebrae

A
  • S1-S5 (5)
  • fused into a single element by about age 23-24 (first two about 32)
  • although fused you can identify all five
  • bodies are marked by a raised transverse line
  • intervertebral foramina are represented by four anterior and four posterior sacral foramina
  • spinal nerves exit from sacral canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

ala

A
  • aka lateral mass

- represents a fusion of the transverse processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

auricular surface

A

-sacrum articulates laterally with the iliac portion of the os coxae (hip bone) at the sacroiliac joint by a large auricular surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

coccygeal vertebrae

A
  • Co1-Co4 (4)
  • part of the coccyx
  • lack any component of the neural arch
  • simply rudimentary bodies
  • Co1 has stubby transverse processes and vestigial superior articular processes (coccygeal cornua)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

coccyx

A
  • two pieces

- the first vertebrae (Co1) and the fused inferior segments (Co2-Co4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

curvature of vertebral column

A

-sigmoid profile with 2 anteriorly concave curves and 2 posteriorly concave curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

kyphotic curvature

A

-anterior concavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

lordotic curvature

A

-posterior concavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

cervical lordosis

A
  • posterior concavity

- develops when a child begins to raise its head and the intervertebral discs in the neck thicken anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

thoracic kyphosis

A

-thoracic portion of the column retains its original curve because the bodies are higher posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

lumbar lordosis

A
  • lumbar vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs thicken anteriorly
  • as child begins to walk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

sacral kyphosis

A
  • original curve of the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

- bc the sacrum is fixed to the os coxae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

manipulating the curve of the vertebral column

A
  • extension of spine eliminate the thoracic kyphosis
  • flexion eliminates the cervical and lumbar lordoses
  • postural stability is maintained by 5 intervertebral ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A
  • connects the tips of the spinous process

- in the neck it forms the powerful ligamentum nuchae- attached the external occipital protuberance of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

interspinous ligaments

A

-run between the inferior and superior edges of adjacent spinous processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

-runs between the inferior margin of one lamina and the superior edge of the next lower lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • runs form the skull to the sacrum

- it attaches to the posterior surface of each vertebral body and each intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

-attaches to the anterior and lateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

ligaments of the vertebral column

A
  • supraspinous ligaments
  • interspinous ligaments
  • ligamentum flavum
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • prevents excessive movement in a particular direction (extension)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

central nervous system

A
  • spinal cord

- brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

peripheral nerves

A
  • cranial nerves

- spinal nerves

58
Q

spinal cord

A
  • runs through the vertebral canal
  • continuous medulla oblongata of the brain stem
  • conveys sensory information from most of the body to the brain
  • motor impulses to the muscles of most of the body
  • runs to the level of the intervertebral discs between L1-L2 where it tapers to an end known as the conus medullaris
59
Q

meninges

A
  • surrounds spinal cord
  • 3 protective membranes
  • dura mater
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid mater
60
Q

dura mater

A
  • outer most layer
  • meninges
  • tough and fibrous
  • membrane
  • surrounds the spinal cord
61
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • middle layer meninges
  • delicate and cobweblike
  • surrounds spinal cord
  • membrane
62
Q

pia mater

A
  • innermost layer
  • intimately attached to the cord
  • meninges
  • membrane
  • surrounds spinal cord
  • membrane
63
Q

epidural space

A
  • between the dura mater and vertebral periosteum

- contains fat and a plexus of veins

64
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • between the layers of arachnoid and pia mater

- contains the CSF

65
Q

length of spinal cord

A
  • spinal cords ends at the level L1-L2

- dura mater and arachnoid sheath extends to S2

66
Q

filum terminale

A
  • pia mater extends from the end of the conus medullaris as a thing band called the filum terminale
  • attached to the coccyx
67
Q

cauda equina

A
  • bundle of descending fibers
  • fibers include lower lumber, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerve
  • runs through the vertebral canal (caudal to the conus medullaris) to form nerves that will eventually exit through lumbar intervertebral foramina or sacral foramina
68
Q

gray matter

A

-neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons occupy a region of H-shaped grey matter in the center of the cord

69
Q

white matter

A
  • surrounds the gray matter

- myelinated axons

70
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord
  • named according to region
  • 8 cervical nerves
  • 12 thoracic nerves
  • 5 lumbar nerves
  • 5 sacral nerves
  • 1 coccygeal nerves
71
Q

cervical nerves

A
  • first nerve exits between the skull and the atlas
  • last nerve of the neck exits between the seventh cervical vertebrae and the first rib-bearing (thoracic) vertebrae
  • C1-C7 comes out above the vertebrae
  • C8 comes out below C7
  • after this everything comes out below
  • 8
72
Q

thoracic nerves

A

-12

73
Q

lumbar nerves

A

5

74
Q

sacral nerves

A

5

75
Q

coccygeal nerves

A

1

76
Q

motor neuron cell bodies

A
  • located in the located in the ventral horn of gray matter of the spinal cord
  • send out axons through ventral rootlets
77
Q

ventral root

A
  • motor neurons send out axons through ventral rootlets -> form a ventral root
  • motor fibers of ventral root are joined by sensory fibers to form a short, true spinal nerve
78
Q

dorsal ramus

A
  • each spinal nerve divides into dorsal ramus

- provides innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the back (epaxial muscles)

79
Q

ventral ramus

A

-provides innervation to all other skeletal muscles (hypaxial muscles)

80
Q

dorsal horn

A

-sensory neurons synapse here

81
Q

dorsal root

A
  • sensory axons from the spinal nerve diverge toward the dorsal horn of the spinal cord through the dorsal root
  • portion of the dorsal root is the dorsal root ganglion
82
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

swollen by the cell bodies of the sensory neurons

83
Q

cervical plexus

A

-nerves C1-C4

84
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

85
Q

lumbar plexus

A

T12-L4

86
Q

sacral plexus

A

L5-S3

87
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

-lumbar and sacral plexuses are joined by small branches from L4 to L5 known as the lumbosacral

88
Q

muscles of the back

A
  • two groups:
  • superficial (hypaxial) muscles innervated by the ventral rami of spinal nerve
  • intrinsic (epaxial) muscles innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerve
89
Q

trapezius

A
  • attached to occipital bone of the skull, the ligamentum nuchae, and the spines of the thoracic vertebrae
  • inserts onto the spine and acromion process of the scapula and clavicle
  • action- fixes, elevates, and rotates the scapula
  • extends the head
  • innervated by the accessory (XI) cranial nerve
  • superficial muscle of back
90
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • attaches to the spines of vertebrae from T7, sacrum, iliac crest and two ribs
  • inserts into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
  • action- extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm
  • innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
  • superficial muscle of back
91
Q

levator scapulae

A
  • attaches to the transverse process of C1-C4
  • inserts onto the medial border of the scapula above the root of the spine
  • action- fixes and elevates the scapula, flexes the neck laterally
  • innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
  • superficial muscle of back
92
Q

rhomboideus

A
  • comprises two muscles:
  • R. minor- attaches to the spine of T1
  • R. major- attaches to the spine of T2-T5
  • both insert onto the medial border of the scapula
  • action- fix, retract, and rotate scapula
  • innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
  • superficial muscle of back
93
Q

quadratus lumborum

A
  • attaches to the iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest
  • inserts onto the transverse process of L1-L4 and the lowermost rib
  • action- laterally flexes the spine
  • forms part of the posterior abdominal wall
  • innervated by spinal nerves
  • superficial muscle of back
94
Q

splenius

A

comprises two groups of muscle fibers that attach to the spines of T1-T6 and the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae

  • two groups of fibers
  • S. Cervicis- inserts to transverse processes of C1-C4
  • S. Capitis- inserts on mastoid process and superior nuchal line of the skull
  • action- laterally flexes, rotates the head and neck and extends the head and neck
  • innervated by middle and lower cervical nerves
  • superficial intrinsic muscles
95
Q

stratum basale

A
  • skin cells are born here
  • proliferate
  • they then move up
  • by the time they are at stratum corneum it is dead
96
Q

thick skin

A
  • have extra layer
  • stratum lucidum
  • only in palms in feet and hands
97
Q

plexus

A

nerves come together and forms a apck

98
Q

root hair plexus

A
  • surround the bulb of a hair follicle
  • anytime a hair follicle moves it sends a signal to the brain that it is moving
  • touch receptor
99
Q

facet

A

-flat surface where bones articulate

100
Q

telling cervical vertebrae apart

A
  • has transverse foramen (transmit vertebral artery and vein)
  • bifid spinous process
101
Q

telling apart C1

A
  • atlas
  • lacks a body and spinous process
  • huge foramen
  • large facets
102
Q

telling apart C2

A

-dens (odontoid process)

103
Q

C1-C2 joint

A

shaking no

104
Q

Skull-C1

A

nodding head yes

105
Q

vertebral prominence

A

C7

-longer spinous process

106
Q

tubercle

A
  • articulates with transverse process

- costal facet

107
Q

telling apart thoracic vertebrae

A
  • costal facet on the transverse process
  • giraffe
  • long spinous process that projects inferiorly
  • has three spots where it articulates with ribs (superior articular process, inferior articular process, transverses costal facet)
108
Q

rib articulation

A

-always in between two vertebrae touching both

109
Q

transverse costal facet

A

-thoracic vertebrae articulate with the rib at the tubercle here

110
Q

telling apart lumbar vertebrae

A
  • no transverse foramen (not cervical)
  • no costal facets (not thoracic)
  • chunky
  • large body
  • spinous process is stocky
111
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

spaces between vertebrae

-spinal nerves go through here

112
Q

anulus fibrosus

A
  • cartilaginous ring in the intervertebral disc
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • on the inside of the ring there is the nucleus pulposus- gelatinous core
113
Q

intervertebral discs

A
  • cartilaginous joints (synchondrosis)
  • shock absorber
  • can herniate and compress nervous tissue
  • two parts:
  • anulus fibrosus
  • nucleus pulposus
114
Q

herniated disc

A
  • tears through fibrocartilaginous disc
  • nucleus pulposus goops out
  • puts pressure on spinal nerves -> pain
115
Q

spinal cord ends at

A

-L1-2

116
Q

conus medullaris

A
  • where the spinal cord ends

- L1-2

117
Q

filum terminale

A

anchors end of spinal cord to bone

118
Q

organization of spinal cord

A
  • nerve roots coming from anterior and posterior side
  • dorsal ramus -> spinal nerve -> dorsal root -> dorsal horn (synapse here) -> ventral horn -> ventral root -> gray ramus -> white ramus -> ventral ramus
  • dorsal = sensory
  • ventral= motor
119
Q

test*

A

motor cell bodies are located in the ventral horn

-neuron itself

120
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

-cluster of sensory cell bodies

121
Q

epaxial muscle**

A

innervated by dorsal ramus

  • located in a tiny strip up and down your vertebral column
  • intrinsic back muscles
122
Q

hypaxial muscles**

A
  • superficial
  • innervated by ventral ramus
  • superficial back muscles
123
Q

ramus

A

-contains both sensory and motor information

124
Q

trapezius

A
  • innervated by ventral ramus
  • hypaxial muscle
  • elevates shoulder blades
125
Q

deltoid

A
  • shoulder muscle
  • hypaxial
  • innervated by ventral ramus
126
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • innervated by ventral ramus

- hypaxial

127
Q

rhomboid major and minor

A
  • innervated by ventral ramus

- hypaxial

128
Q

levator scapulae

A
  • innervated by ventral ramus

- hypaxial

129
Q

S. Cervicis

A
  • a group of splenius fibers

- runs to the transverse processes of C1-C4

130
Q

S. Capitis

A

-runs to the lateral aspect of the mastoid process and lateral part of the superior nuchal line of the skull

131
Q

erector spinae

A
  • comprises 3 vertical columns of overlapping muscle fascicles that mount up the vertebral column and ribs from a common tendinous origin to the sacrum, the posterior part of the iliac crest of the pelvis, and the spines of the lowermost lumbar vertebrae
  • common tedinious- origin on sacrum pelvis and lower lumbar spines
  • individual columns are descriptively recognized by the regions that they transverse
  • innervated by spinal nerves
  • superficial intrinsic muscles
  • iliocostalis
  • longissimus
  • spinalisse
132
Q

iliocostalis

A
  • form the lateral column
  • attaches to lower and upper six ribs
  • insertion- transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebrae
  • action- extends and laterally flexes the spine
  • superficial intrinsic muscles
133
Q

longissimus

A
  • from the intermediate column
  • inserted: to the lower portion of transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
  • inserted: upper portion between the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and mastoid process of the skull
  • action- lower portions: (longissimus thoracis and longissimus cervicis) extend and laterally flex the spine
  • action- upper part: (longissimus capitis, a narrow, straplike muscle) extends and rotates the head
  • superficial intrinsic muscles
134
Q

spinalis

A
  • forms the medial column
  • attachment: spines of lumbar vertebrae
  • insertion: upper thoracic vertebrae between L2 and T2
  • fibers may run to cervical vertebrae sometimes
  • action: extends the vertebral column
  • superficial intrinsic muscles
135
Q

semispinalis

A
  • most superficial of the deep intrinsic muscles
  • two components innervated by spinal nerves that emerge at levels crossed by the muscle fibers
  • semispinalis
  • semispinalis capitis
136
Q

semispinalis

A
  • forms the lower portion
  • attachment: runs between T12 and C2 from the transverse processes to the spines of superior vertebrae
  • each fiber bundle spans from 4 to 6 vertebrae
  • divided into two parts: S. thoracic and S. Cervicis
  • action: rotates and extends the vertebral column of the trunk
137
Q

semispinalis capitis

A
  • forms the upper portion
  • attachment: fibers run from the transverse processes of T1-T6
  • inserted: onto the medial part of the occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
  • action: powerful rotator and extensor of the head and neck
138
Q

multifidus

A
  • most powerful of the deep intrinsic muscles
  • runs from the vertebral arches from S4-C2
  • each fiber bundle spans from 2 to 4 vertebrae
  • movement: laterally flexes, rotates, and extends the vertebral column
  • innervated by spinal nerves that emerge at levels crossed by the muscle fibers
  • deep intrinsic muscles
139
Q

small segmental muscles

A
  • 4 groups of rather trivial deep back muscles that bridge the gaps between successive vertebrae
  • muscles are used principally in postural “steadying” because they have little leverage
  • 4 are rotatores, intertransversarii, interspinales, and levatores costarum
  • deep intrinsic muscles
140
Q

suboccipital muscles

A
  • 4 muscles that either connect the axis to the atlas or connect one of these vertebrae to the occipital bone of the skull
  • these muscles are mainly postural
  • intervertebral muscle is obliquus capitis inferior
  • 3 that attach to the skull are obliquus capitis superior, rectus capitis posterior major, and rectus capitis posterior minor
  • deep intrinsic muscles
141
Q

intrinsic back muscles: deep group

A
  • semispinalis

- multifidus

ANP 300 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions