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ANP 300 > QUIZ 3 > Flashcards

QUIZ 3 Flashcards

1
Q

agonist

A

-primer move

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2
Q

antagonist

A

-prime opponent

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3
Q

synergist

A

-assist agonist (stabilize joint)

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4
Q

fixator

A
  • assist agonist (stabilize bone)

- foundation for action to take place

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5
Q

elbow flexion

A
  • agonist- bicep brachii

- antagonist- triceps brachii

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6
Q

flexion of wrist

A
  • agonist- palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris- also adducts
  • flexor carpi radialis- also abducts
  • results in straight flexion
  • flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis are antagonists of one another (abductor and abbductor)
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7
Q

finger flexion: pulling yourself up

A
  • agonist- finger flexors: flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor radialis
  • antagonist- finger extensors
  • synergist- wrist should be extended: wrist extensors -> extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus
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8
Q

fixators of scapula

A
  • trapezius
  • levator scapulae
  • rhomboideus
  • pull the scapula against the back (anteriorly-under scapula) and medially
  • keeps scapula in place for foundation for ex. when subscapularis pulls humerus for medial rotation
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9
Q

walking

A
  • muscle action and muscle function may be different
  • gait cycle -> 2 phases
  • heel strike- hip is flexed, knee is extended
  • support phase- body weight moves forward and supports (hip is flexed -> extension of hip, extension of knee)
  • toe off- push off with toe
  • swing phase- flexion of knee and hip, leg swings forward
  • repeat
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10
Q

muscle action

A
  • when considered in isolation, the movement that a muscle is capable of producing in isolation
  • the movements that a muscle is capable of producing
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11
Q

muscle function

A
  • the body motion that a muscle produced when it is in use
  • depends on the context of other muscle actions and joint positions
  • the body motion that muscle produces when it is in use
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12
Q

muscle function = muscle action in some cases:

A
  • pronator quadratus

- brachialis

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13
Q

pronator quadratus

A
  • action=function
  • pronation at forearm/wrist
  • anterior distal end
  • between ulna and radius
  • brings them closer together
  • rotation about the ulna
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14
Q

brachialis

A
  • action=function
  • crosses from the diaphysis of the humerus to the coracoid process of ulna
  • pulls ulna towards humerus
  • flexion of forearm at elbow joint
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15
Q

muscle function may be modified muscle action

A
  • pronator teres

- biceps brachii

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16
Q

pronator teres

A
  • action= pronation
  • elongated
  • pulling between medial epicondyle of humerus
  • pulls radius and forearm towards the humerus
  • pronation
  • if you already have pronation and have further flexion of the pronator teres you would expect it to produce flexion at the elbow
  • function = can do flexion when already pronated
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17
Q

consider 7 muscle groups for walking

A
  • gluteus maxium
  • gluteus medius
  • quadriceps femoris
  • hamstrings
  • iliopsoas
  • triceps surae
  • dorsiflexors of the foot
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18
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A
  • measures electrical impulse of muscle fiber action potential that occurs during muscle contraction
  • tells you which muscles are being used (contraction)
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19
Q

EMG experiment

A
  • left gastrocnemius (knee flexor and foot plantar flexor)
  • stabilize the ankle joint when walking
  • activation at the end of support phase
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20
Q

gluteus maximus: isolated

A
  • extends and laterally rotates femur
  • most superficial
  • largest
  • goes between iliac crest to posterior side of proximal femur
  • contracts -> pulls between posterior side of femur and posterior side of iliac crest
  • straightens legs
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21
Q

gluteus maximus: walking

A
  • activated during early support phase (right after heel strike)
  • prevents jack-knifing of trunk (maintaining upright posture)
  • extends and laterally rotates femur
  • counteracts forces of jack-knifing during heel strike
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22
Q

gluteus maximus gait

A
  • characterized by a posteriorly leaning trunk at heel strike
  • trunk muscle activity is compensating for the loss gluteus maximus function
  • be leaning back, jack-knifing is also prevented
  • use trunk muscles (leaning back) to prevent jack-knifing
  • damage to inferior gluteal nerve
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23
Q

gluteus medius

A
  • abduct femur
  • anterior superior of iliac
  • proximal, lateral side of femur
  • prevents pelvis from collapsing
  • important for early support phase
  • pulls pelvis towards leg to remain straight (not drooping)
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24
Q

when is action of gluteus medius as a hip abductor be necessary for gait cycle

A
  • support phase

- helps reinforce upright posture

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25
Q

trendelenburg sign

A
  • damage to superior gluteal nerve
  • loss of function of gluteus medius
  • collapse of pelvis
  • loss of abductor function
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26
Q

quadriceps femoris

A
  • extend knee
  • flex hip
  • straightening of leg
  • 4 muscles (anterior to thigh) -> rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
  • important for support phase and end of swing phase (extending the knee for another heel strike)
  • prevents knee from collapsing and prevents jack-knifing
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27
Q

hamstrings

A
  • flex knee
  • extend hip
  • 3 muscles -> bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
  • important during early support phase (preventing jack-knifing- hip extension) and during swing phase (flex knee to raise leg for swing)
  • prevents jack knifing of trunk
  • flex knee to raise leg for swing
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28
Q

Iliopsoas

A
  • flex hip
  • 2 muscles -> psoad major and iliacus
  • function: hip flexion
  • action = function
  • important for swing phase
  • bring toes of ground and swing legs forward
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29
Q

triceps surae

A
  • 2 muscles: soleus and gastrocnemius
  • action- plantarflex ankle and flex knee
  • important for end of support phase
  • prevent ankle collapse
  • getting ready for toe off -> push off
  • leg is already extended now the body is counteracting weight from collapsing ankle
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30
Q

dorsiflexors of the foot

A
  • 2 muscles: tibialis anterior (medial side of foot), fibularis tertius (lateral side of foot)
  • also: edl ehl
  • pull on both sides preventing eversion and inversion
  • action- dorsiflex ankle, invert foot, evert foot
  • function- prevent “slap down”, prevent “toe drag”, ensure heel strike
  • instead of the toe off being a slap down it ensures the foot rolls off the ground
  • pulls up the toes and heel strike
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31
Q

head rotation

A
  • C1 is rotation on C2
  • sternocleidomastoid muscle - attaches on sternum, clavicle and mastoid (bump be the ear)
  • innervated by accessory nerve (CN XI)
  • muscle action- rotate head towards opposite side, tilt head head on same side, flexes head when activated bilaterally (head towards chest)
  • action of right sternocleidomastoid turns head left (vice versa)
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32
Q

mastication

A
  • temporomandibular joint- temporal muscle of skull and mandibular muscle
  • chewing
  • synovial joint- 2 synovial cavities
  • superior and inferior synovial cavities are separated by the articular disc (2 cavities)- absorbs pressure
  • temporalis- elevates and retracts mandible -> attaches to temporal line (pulls jaw upward and posteriorly)
  • masseteur- elevates and protracts mandible -> attaches at cheek bone and back corner or mandible (moves upward and anteriorly)
  • *lateral pterygoid- depresses and protrudes manible (project back into nasal cavity) -> pulls forward anteriorly and leads to opening of jaw
  • medial pterygoid- elevates mandible
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33
Q

why do we only have one muscle for depression of jaw

A
  • most has to do with gravity

- lateral pterygoid

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34
Q

TMJ function and dislocation

A
  • articular cartilage is pushed too far anteriorly
  • when you open your jaw it puts pressure on the ligaments of the synovial joint
  • ligaments have nerves and blood vessels -> pain
  • this happens if you get hit laterally
  • clicking -> articular cartilage displaced
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35
Q

orbicularis muscles

A
  • face muscles
  • palpebral portion (gently closes eyelids)
  • orbital portion (forcefully closes eyelids; squinting; outer)
  • orbicularis oculi -> constricts and protrudes lips; resist distention (during blowing)
  • acts as an orbital sphincter:
  • palpebral portion gently closes
  • orbital portion tightly close
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36
Q

facial paralysis

A
  • ex. bells palsy
  • cause- inflammation of facial nerve at stylomastoid foramen
  • symptom:
  • loss of muscle tone- lower orbicularis oculi falls away from eye, weakening of orbicularis oris
  • dry cornea
  • saliva dribbling
  • food accumulation during chewing
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37
Q

nervous system role

A

-communication control and coordination of different organ systems

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38
Q

central nervous system

A

-brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • ganglia
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40
Q

nervous system function

A
  • sensory activity
  • integrative activity
  • motor activity
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41
Q

nervous system functional unit

A
  • neurons
  • cells
  • excitable- respond to a stimulus (chemical, stretch, pressure)
  • conducted- an electric charge is propagated along the plasma membrane
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42
Q

neuron functional classification

A
  • afferent- carries signals towards CNS (input) -> sensory
  • synapses at interneuron- integration of multiple sensory neurons -> conducts to motor neuron
  • efferent- carries signals away from CNS (output) -> motor
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43
Q

what is a nerve impulse stimilated by low K levels in the kidney an ex of

A

afferent

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44
Q

neuron structure

A
  • dendrites- pick up potentials from others
  • cell body- nucelus, organelles, thickest part
  • axon- conducts the action potential from cell body; 1 per neuron; usually longest structure
  • synaptic terminals- passes signals over, may pass by neurotransmitter
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45
Q

neuron myelination

A
  • fatty substance
  • insulates
  • efficient conduction of signals
  • wraps around axon
  • prevents ions from passing through the cell membrane of the axon
  • produced by a living cell
  • neurolemmocyte (shwann cell)- glial cell; myelinates
  • neurofibril node (node of ranvier)
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46
Q

action potential

A
  • polarization- difference in + and - on either side of plasma membrane
  • depolarization
  • after exceeding threshhold -> action potential
  • sodium in
  • a propagation of depolarization along the cell (electrical current)
  • in neurons this signals flows from dendrite through the axon (unidirectional)
  • more ion channels in dendrite
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47
Q

conduction (myelinated)

A
  • nodes of ranvier are depolarized
  • jump to next node
  • saltatory conduction
  • 130m/s
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48
Q

conduction (unmyelinated)

A
  • continuous conduction

- .5m/s

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49
Q

what attribute of neuron cells does the transmission of an action potential illustrate

A
  • conductivity

- action potential through the cell

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50
Q

synapse

A
  • junctions between neurons, across which nerve impulses are transmitted
  • presynaptic neuron- transmit signal to synapse
  • postsynaptic neuron
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51
Q

conduction (mechanism)

A
  • electrical synapse- ions moving from gap junction (heart)
  • chemical synapse- conduction of electrical impulse to the end of synapse and then release chemical (aCh) -> action potential in postsynaptic
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52
Q

chemical synapse

A
  • common synapse type
  • analogous to neuromuscular junction
    1. arrival of an action potential
    2. release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic
    3. receipt of neurotransmitter by postsynaptic
    4. new action potential
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53
Q

all or none

A
  • triggers an all or none response
  • threshold stimulus on dendrite causes depolarization (fire)
  • depolarization of adjacent area along plasma membrane (impulse)
  • synaptic knobs release neurotransmitter (synapse)
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54
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • ACh
  • somatic motor
  • somatic sensory
  • visceral sensory
  • parasympathetic (visceral motor)
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55
Q

norepinephrine

A

-sympathetic (visceral motor)

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56
Q

neuron classification

A

-unipolar- 1 dendrite -> peripheral sensory -> bypasses cell body (uncommon)
-bipolar- 2 dendrite -> special sensory
multipolar- multiple dendrites -> motor

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57
Q

myelination

A
  • neurolemmocyte- PNS -> myelinates one at a time

- oligodendrocyte- CNS -> myelinate multiple portions of the axons at the same time

58
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • MS
  • progressive demyelination of neurons in CNS and destruction of oligodendrocytes
  • poor nerve impulses conduction
  • leads to scarring (sclerosis=hardening) in CNS
  • twitching
59
Q

PNS

A
  • neurlemmocytes- shwann cells

- satellite cells

60
Q

CNS

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
61
Q

glial cells

A
  • cells that exist in nervous system in high frequency
  • support the nervous system
  • neurolemmocytes (shwann)
  • satellite cells (gliocytes)
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
62
Q

satellite cells

A
  • gliocytes
  • surrounding cell bodies of sensory neurons
  • unipolar
  • regulated nutrient exchange
  • located in ganglia
  • PNS
63
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • wrap around axons
  • potentially more than one neuron at once
  • CNS
64
Q

astrocytes

A
  • most frequent type of cell in the CNS
  • blood brain barrier
  • balance tissue fluid composition
  • filtration
  • structure
  • synaptic transmission- absorb additional left over neurotransmitters
  • repair and development
  • perivascular feet
  • actively transport from circulatory system to cell bodies
  • surround cell bodies
65
Q

microglia

A
  • defend against infection
  • remove waste
  • engulf and breakdown dead cell material
  • CNS
66
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • CNS
  • line ventricles and central canal (brain and spinal cord)
  • produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
67
Q

nerve structure

A
  • similar to skeletal muscle
  • nerve- cluster of parallel neurons in fascicles
  • fascicles- consist of neurons
  • endoneurium-
  • perineurium- surrounds fascicles
  • blood vessels between fascicles
  • epineurium- surrounds the nerve
  • neuron- cellular unit
68
Q

neuron (axon) bundle in PNS

A

-nerve

69
Q

neuron (axon) bundle in CNS

A

-tract

70
Q

collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS

A

-ganglion

71
Q

collection of nerve cell bodies in CNS

A

-nucleus

72
Q

PNS

A
  • somatic- sensory or motor

- visceral- afferent or efferent

73
Q

somatic sensory

A
  • sensation
  • localized
  • 6 sources
  • pain
  • ischemia, cramping, inflammation, distension, cutting, temperature
74
Q

visceral afferent

A
  • sensation unlocalized
  • 4 sources: ischemia, cramping, inflammation, distension
  • pain is usually poorly localized, vague and diffuse,
75
Q

6 somatic pain types

A
  • ischemia- due to lack of blood
  • cramping- involuntary muscle contraction
  • inflammation- response to injury leading to capillary dilation, heat and local pressure increase
  • distension- when an organ is overfilled and stretched
  • cutting- a tissue tear or incision
  • temperature- can be an increase or decrease
76
Q

visceral afferent pain

A
  • ischemia
  • cramping
  • inflammation
  • distension
  • pain is usually poorly localized, vague and diffuse,
77
Q

somatic motor

A
  • voluntary
  • synapse on target
  • axons are myelinated
78
Q

visceral efferent

A
  • involuntary
  • synapse on ganglion (preganglionic)
  • synapse on target (postganglionic)
  • preganglionic axons myelinated
  • postganglionic axons unmyelinated
  • autonomic nervous system -> sympathetic and parasympathetic
79
Q

what pattern of signal propagation occurs along the axon of preganglionic visceral effect neurons?

A
  • saltatory transmission

- preganglionic visceral efferent neurons are myelinated

80
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • energy conservation
  • body homeostasis
  • brainstem, S2-
81
Q

sympathetic

A
  • energy expenditure
  • fight or flight
  • T1-L2
82
Q

primary vesicles- 3

A
  • neural tube -> 4 weeks -> 3 primary vesicles are formed
  • prosencephalon (forebrain
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
83
Q

secondary vesicles- 5

A
  • developmental
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
84
Q

neurodevelopment

A
  • Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)- becomes the medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum
  • midbrain- remains the same
  • prosencephalon (forebrain)- becomes the diencephalon, cerebrum
85
Q

cranial meninges

A
  • closing and protect blood vessels
  • contain CSF
  • support and protection
  • pia mater (deepest)
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater (superficial)
86
Q

pia mater

A
  • thin layer
  • highly vascularized
  • delicate
87
Q

subdural space

A

from arachnoid mater to the pia mater

88
Q

dura mater

A

-contains meningeal layer and periosteal layer

89
Q

epidural space

A

-between dura mater and skull

90
Q

cranial dural septa- 4

A
  • separation of the areas of cerebrum
  • double layers of dura mater
  • fals cerebri- between left and right hemispheres of cerebrum
  • superior sagittal sinus-
  • inferior sagittal sinus-
  • terrorium cerebeli-
  • diaphrangms sele
  • tentorium notch- gap
  • fals cerebelli- separate left and right hemispheres of cerebellum
91
Q

epidural hematoma

A
  • ruptured artery, pool of blood formed in the epidural space, usually due to a severe blow to the head
  • intercranial pressure
  • surgery
92
Q

subdural hemotoma

A
  • ruptured vein, pool of blood formed between the dura and arachnoid mater, usually by fast or violent rotation of the head
  • below the dura mater
  • deadliest
  • compresses brain tissue -> brain damage or death
  • surgery
93
Q

ventricular system

A

lateral ventricles- 2

  • third ventricle (embedded in diencephalon)
  • cerebral aqueduct- connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
  • filled with/reservoirs of CSF
  • spaces
  • hollow structures
94
Q

interventricular foramen

A

-connects the left and right lateral ventricles

95
Q

central canal of spinal cord

A

-connects the CSF to the spinal cord

96
Q

choroid plexus

A
  • produces CSF in each ventricle
  • 500ml of CSF per day
  • filtered by ependymal cells
97
Q

arachnoid granulations

A
  • connect
  • gets rid of excess CSF
  • going to superior and interior venial sinuses
  • unidirectional
  • ventricular system to venous system
98
Q

lateral aperture (foramen of luschka) cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna)

A

-boyancy

-

99
Q

telencephalon

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. olfactory cortex
  3. basal nuclei
  4. hippocampus
  5. lateral ventricles-2
  6. 3rd ventricle (portion)
100
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A
  • left and right
  • deep longitudinal fissue- separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • massive bundles of tracts between left and right (white matter) -> largest one is corpus callosum
  • receive sensory information and send motor commands to the opposite side of the body -> hemispherical lateralization
101
Q

cerebrum: landmarks

A
  • central sulcus- separates the parietal and frontal lobes
  • frontal pole
  • lateral sulcus- separates frontal and temporal lobe
  • temporal pole
  • occipital pole
  • preoccipital sulcus- separates the occipital and temporal lobe
  • parieto-occipital sulcus- separates occipital and parietal lobes
102
Q

insula cortex

A
  • lobe that is embedded within the brain
  • embedded in diencephalon
  • operculum edges
  • frontal, temporal parietal operculum
103
Q

limbic system: cerebrum

A

-

104
Q

motor areas

A
  1. primary motor cortex- located within central gyrus
    - relay directly to brain stem and spinal cord
    - hemispherical lateralization
  2. motor speech area- brochas area (left frontal lobe)
    - control muscular movements for vocalization
105
Q

sensory areas

A
  • conscious awareness of sensation
  • cranial nerves
    1. primary somatosensory cortex- posterior to central sulcus (postcentral gyrus)
    2. primary visual cortex- occipital lobe
    3. primary auditory cortex- temporal lobe
    4. primary gustatory cortex- insula lobe
    5. primary olfactory- temporal lobe
106
Q

association area

A
  • storing information
  • further refined to give a behavioral output
    1. premotor cortex- frontal lobe
  • learned skills
    2. somatosensory association area- parietal lobe
  • integrating somatic senses
    3. auditory association area- temporal lobe
  • interpret characteristics and memories of sounds
    4. visual association area- occipital lobe
  • analyze and identify things we see
    5. wernicke’s area- overlap parietal and temporal lobe
  • understanding and comprehension of spoken or written language
    6. gnostic area- parietal occipital and temporal lobe
  • all sensory information within all the lobes
107
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • external part
  • visible
  • organ of intelligence
  • expanded and reorganized
  • high-order cognition
  • consciousness, preception, voluntary actions, thought, learning personality
  • cortex- most external part
  • neocortex- most evolutionary modern part of brain -> 6 distinct cell layers
108
Q

cerebellum

A

-3 cell layers

109
Q

olfactory

A

-3 cell layers

110
Q

bordmann areas

A
  • 1-51 areas

- functional areas (not developmental)

111
Q

cortical folding

A
  • gyri- wrinkles
  • sulci- depressions
  • allows to fit a lot more cortex -> minimal volume expansion
  • create faster neuronal connection of areas within the same gyrus
  • allows for expansion after birth
112
Q

phineas gage

A
  • accidental frontal lobotomy
  • resulting in a change in personality
  • iron rod
  • left frontal love
  • start contributing to neuroscience
113
Q

central white matter

A
  • deep to grey matter
  • myelinated axons -> bundles are tract
  • association tracts- connecting different parts of the same subdivision of the brain (arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi)
  • projection tracts- connecting different subdivision of the brain and the brain with the spinal cord
  • commissural tracts- connecting left and right hemispheres (ex. corpus callosum)
114
Q

which neuron cell component makes up the largest volume of brain white matter

A
  • axons
  • axons (nerve fibers) -> longer
  • connect with other neurons
  • main component of connection
115
Q

white matter distribution

A
  • brain- gray matter is superficially (cortex) and deeply (basal nuclei, reticular formation) positioned
  • spinal cord- grey matter is centrally positioned and white matter is peripherally positioned
116
Q

basal nuclei

A
  • group of subcortical nuceli (gray matter) in charge of learning, reward processing, habit formation, sensorimotor integration, and motor control of voluntary movement, among others
  • highly complex- caudate nucleus is S-shaped (sigmoid)
  • highly interconnected
  • caudate nucleus- for a striatum
  • putamen- form a striatum; forms the Lentiform nucleus as well with the globus pallidus
  • Lentiform nucleus and striatum makeup the basal nuclei
117
Q

huntingtons disease

A
  • autosomal dominant hereditary disease
  • affects the cerebral nuclei
  • degeneration of neurons (basal nuclei)
  • onset of 35-40 and deadly in 10
  • personality changes
  • muscle spasms
118
Q

parkinsons disease

A
  • slow progressing neurologic condition
  • affects muscle movement and balance
  • disease is caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine
  • results from decreased dopamine production
  • lose neurons that produce dopamine
  • lack of basal nuclei
119
Q

Low dopamine suggest loss of function of

A
  • substantia nigra

- produces dopamine

120
Q

diencephalone

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus (with pinal body)
  • mammillary bodies
121
Q

epithalamus

A
  • consists of pineal gland and associated nuclei and fiber tracts
  • pineal gland- produces melatonin in circadian rhythm
  • reproductive cycles
122
Q

thalamus

A
  • gateway to the cererbral cortex
  • sensory integration- all (non-olfactory) sensory pathways
  • motor integration- many neural circuits used the cerebellum and basal nuclei to coordinate movement
  • filters out sounds, sights, with studying in a loud place
  • ab 120 thalamic nuclei (2 types are large:)
  • lateral geniculate nucleus- receives visual input the retina and relays it to the primary visual cortex in the occipital love
  • medial geniculate nucleus- receives auditory input from the inferior colliculus and relays it to the primary auditory cortex in temporal lob
123
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • maintaining homeostasis
  • subconscious control center for the autonomic nervous system
  • controls both lobes of the pituitary gland (posterior pituitary via neural projections, the anterior pituitary via vascular connections)
  • fight, feeling, mating
  • hypophysis (pituitary gland)- regulation of other endocrine glands
  • mammillary bodies- 2 (left and right)- recollective memory
124
Q

subthalamic nuclei

A

-subthalamus regulates and modulates the output of the basal nuceli

125
Q

brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons (non-cerebellar portions)
  • medulla oblongata (non-cerebellar portions)
126
Q

anteroposterior division

A
  • conduit for ascending and descending fiber tracts
  • integration center, exerting subconscious control over respiratory and cardiovascular activities, complex motor patterns, and even regulating levels of consciousness
  • site of exit/entry of most cranial nerves (but NOT CN1 or CN 2
127
Q

mesencephalon

A
  • tectum
  • cerebral peduncles
  • substantia nigra
  • red nucleus
128
Q

penducles and tectum

A
  • traversed by the cerebral aqueduct
  • cerebral peduncles- anterior to the cerebral aqueduct
  • tectum (corpora quadrigemina)- part posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
  • superior colliculi- centers for visual reflexes
  • inferior colliculi- centers for auditory reflexes
  • CN IV- only one that emerges from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem
129
Q

crus cerebri

A
  • ventral view, only the basal portion of the cerebral peduncles is seen -> called the crus cerebri
  • consists entirely of descending fiber tracts that originate in the cerebral cortex and pass through the internal capsule of their descent
130
Q

pigmented nuclei

A
  • play important roles in motor coordination
  • substantia nigra- (black substance)- production of dopamine (neurotransmitter)
  • red nuclei- involved in motor coordination (red color due to iron containing pigments in its neurons (hemoglobin and ferritin))
131
Q

metencephalon

A
  • pons
  • pontine tegmentum
  • (cerebellum too but not apart of brain stem)
132
Q

pons

A
  • basal pons- serves mainly as a relay station for descending fiber tracts passing to the cerebellum
  • conduit for those passing to the spinal cord
  • pontine tegmentum- contains a wide variety of nuclei and fiber tracts, and serves a wide variety of function, including the regulation of respiration and sleep
133
Q

reticular formation

A
  • respiratory center
  • pneumotaxic- prevent over distension of lungs
  • apneustic- control of intensity of breathing
134
Q

which is reticular formation NOT found within

A
  • cerebellum

- not apart of brain stem

135
Q

myelencephalon

A

-medulla oblongata

136
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • transitional zone between the more superior portions of the brainstem and the spinal cord
  • sensory and motor fiber tracts become organized into the same general pattern seen in the spinal cord sensory tracts on the dorsal side, motor tracts on the ventral side
137
Q

dorsal aspect: medulla oblongata

A
  • sensory fiber tracts- from the upper and lower parts of the body ascend toward the cerebral cortex in:
  • cuneate fasciculus- (lateral) from T6 and above
  • gracile fasciculus- (medial 0 from T7 and below
138
Q

ventral aspect: medulla oblongata

A

-pyramidal tracts (voluntary motor fiber tracts from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord)
descend toward the spinal cord immediately to the left and right sides of the midline
-with the olive (nuclei with synapses for neurons connecting the cerebellum with the spinal cord) lying farther laterally
-function in tandem with the cerebellum in motor coordination and learning

139
Q

drunk driver cannot walk in a straight line and his motion are jerky (not smooth) what part of the brain has alcohol impacted to cause this breakdown in motor coordination

A

-cerebellum

140
Q

cerebellum

A
  • part of the metencephalon but not apart of the brain stem
  • cerebellar cortex consists of three distinct cell layers
  • contains as m any neurons as are present in all of the rest of the CNS
  • left and right hemispheres
  • anterior and posterior lobes
  • vermis separates the left and right
  • primary fissure separates anterior and posterior lobe
  • 3 cerebella layers of different neurons
  • contains as many neurons as the rest of the CNS (a lot)
  • receives afferent information about voluntary movement from the *cerebral cortex and *muscles, tendons, and joints (via the spinal cord) and the *vestibular system
  • information is integrated to finetune motor output in terms of coordination, precision and timing
  • calibrates voluntary movements, but does not initiate them
141
Q

cerebellar penduncles

A
  • connections that allow the cerebellum to receive proprioceptive information about body and impulses for voluntary movements
  • allow the cerebellum to make decision about fine tuning movements
  • superior peduncle
  • middle - pons
  • inferior- medulla oblongata
142
Q

limbic system

A

cortex: cingulate gyrus (in the longitudinal fissure- attention of emotional significant events), parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, dentate gyrus
- nuclei- mammillary body (hypothalamus) and amygdala (temporal lobe)
- connect physical sensations with memories
- involved in emotions and mood and addictive cravings (amygdala), sexual drives (mammillary body) and the formation of memories (hippocampus) and more

ANP 300 (20 decks)

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