AP Notes 100-120 Flashcards
(Common fallacy of accusation) Latin word that means “against the man.” As the name suggests, it is a literary term that involves commenting in or against an opponent, to undermine him instead of his arguments. Comments serve to create a level of separation in the minds of the audience. When accusations are made against a person l, accusations detract from the legitimacy of the actual claim.
Ad hominem
Type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. It could be that both sides are presented equally balanced, or it could be that one side is presented more forcefully than the other. It all depends on the writer, and what side he supports the most.
Argumentative essay
Literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomenon, or objects. Pinocchio, the famous wooden doll, was ______ when he was given the ability to talk, walk, and face like a real boy. Fairy tales and fables usually have characters that serve as this example.
Anthropomorphism
Also a type of personification that gives human characteristics to non-humans or objects, especially animals. However, there’s a slight difference. Personification is the act of giving human characteristics to animals or objects to create imagery while _____ aims to make an animal or object behaves and appears like it is a human being.
Anthropomorphism
When a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renamed or identifies it. This is called _____. This is a literary device that appears before or after a noun or noun phrase. It is always used with a comma. Simply, we can define it as a noun phrase or a noun that defines or explains another noun, which it follows. In this grammatical structure, writers place elements like noun phrases side-by-side, where one element serves to define the other, and one is in apposition to the other.
“We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages.” A Hanging, George Orwell
Appositive
When someone makes a statement investing his strong belief in it, as if it is true, though it may not be, he is making an ________. It’s a stylistic approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or confident and positive statement regarding a belief or a fact. Often, it is without proof or any support. Its purpose is to express ideas sir feeling directly, for instance,
“I have put my every effort to complete this task today.”
Assertion
Defined as a way of building as argument from general premises to a conclusion. If the principle selected is correct and clear the rules of ______ are prepared. It is also called a top to down thinking or taking general statements to specific ones and then to a conclusion.
For example, if B=C and C=D, then obviously B=D. first two premises are general while the third conclusion is specific.
This a RHETORICAL DEVICE, not a literary one.
Deductive Reasoning
Erroneous argument dependent upon an unsound or illogical contention. There are many examples that we can find in everyday conversations.
Fallacy
Happens when one individual utilizes another individual’s lack of information on a specific subject as proof that his or her own particular argument is right.
Appeal to Ignorance
An error also known as “Argumentum Verecundia” (argument from modesty). Instead of concentrating on the benefits of an argument, the arguer will attempt to append their argument to individual power of authority, in an effort to give trustworthiness to their argument.
Appeal to Authority
When somebody assets that a thought or conviction is correct, since it is the thing that the general population accepts.
Appeal to Popular Opinion
Sometimes called “guilt by affiliation,” this happens when somebody connects a particular thought or issue to something or somebody negative, so as to infer blame on another individual.
Association Fallacy
Also regarded as “argumentum ad hominem” (argument against the man), this is a common fallacy used during debates where an individual substitutes the individual with a personal insult.
Attacking the Person
The conclusion of a contention is accepted as a statement of the inquiry itself.
Begging the Question
This fallacy is also known as “circular in probando.” This word is committed when an argument takes its evidence from an element inside the argument itself. Instead of from an outside source.
Circular Argument
