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Dental Materials > Lab materials and procedures > Flashcards

Lab materials and procedures Flashcards

1
Q

what procedures take place in the laboratory

A
  • any procedures that take place away from the patient
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2
Q

uses of the dental laboratory

A
  • make models from preliminary impressions
  • trim and finish diagnostic models/study casts
  • prepare custom trays
  • polish (provisional coverage, partial or full dentures, indirect restorations)
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3
Q

what is a provisional coverage

A
  • a protective covering worn temporarily while the fixed prosthesis is being fabricated in the dental laboratory
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4
Q

dental lab equipment

A
  • fire extinguisher
  • eye-wash station
  • wall-mounted bins and work pans
  • heat source
  • model trimmer
  • vacuum former
  • dental vibrator
  • laboratory handpiece
  • sandblaster
  • articulator
  • dental lathe
  • lab instruments
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5
Q

3 main points of safety in the lab

A
  1. physical safety
  2. chemical safety
  3. biohazards
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6
Q

what does physical safety include

A
  • know the location of the fire extinguisher and fire escape routes
  • know the location of the eye wash station
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7
Q

what does chemical safety include

A
  • take care in the handling of corrosive, toxic, or carcinogenic substances
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8
Q

what do biohazards include

A
  • items brought into the laboratory can harbour blood and saliva that could be potentially infective
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9
Q

what material hazards could we potentially be exposed to in the lab

A
  • particulate matter
  • mercury
  • toxic effects of chemicals (acute and chronic)
  • bio-aerosols/airborne contaminants
  • biologic contaminants (hep B, hep C, HIV, TB)
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10
Q

in what cases could we be exposed to mercury in the office

A
  • placing or removing amalgam
  • leaking amalgam capsules (less frequent with factory-sealed capsules)
  • sterilizing instruments contaminated with amalgam
  • avoid carpeted operatories or flooring that can collect spilled mercury/amalgam
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11
Q

methods for mercury vapor reduction

A
  • use copious amounts of water and high-volume suction when removing old amalgam
  • use rubber dam whenever possible
  • use facemask and shield to avoid splatter and vapors
  • clean instruments of any adherent amalgam before sterilization
  • remove professional protective clothing before leaving the workplace
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12
Q

precautions when working with mercury

A
  • work in a well-ventilated area
  • avoid direct skin contact
  • avoid inhaling
  • when preparing amalgam for restorations use preloaded capsules
  • when mixing amalgam, always close the cover before starting the amalgamator
  • empty amalgam capsule containers considered non-hazardous - can throw into regular garbage
  • scrap amalgam can be suctioned using HVE
  • national legislation (2005): every office, by law, must have a certified international organization of standardization (ISO)11143; separates amalgam waste in the suction apparatus
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13
Q

toxic effects of chemicals depends directly on (3):

A
  1. dose: how much of the material one is exposed to
  2. length: how much time one is exposed to this material
  3. frequency: the number of times one is exposed to the material
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14
Q

acute toxicity

A
  • results from high levels of exposure over a short period of time
  • ex. chemical spill
  • symptoms:
  • dizziness
  • syncope (fainting)
  • headache
  • nausea
  • vomiting
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15
Q

chronic toxicity

A
  • repeated exposures to lower doses over a longer period of time (months-years)
  • effects:
  • cancer
  • neurological deficits
  • infertility
  • ex. beryllium which is a metal found in partial dentures
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16
Q

skin chemical contamination

A
  • direct contact: breaks such as cuts, open sores or inflamed hands
  • repeated contact: dermatitis
  • burns: acid on the skin
17
Q

inhalation chemical contamination

A
  • cleaning chemicals
  • sprays (to coat models)
  • mouth guard/bleaching tray plastics during fabrication
18
Q

eyes chemical contamination

A
  • splatter

- aerosols

19
Q

ingestion chemical contamination

A
  • eating in an area where chemicals are used

- eating with hands which are contaminated with chemicals

20
Q

chemical precautions

A
  • storage: dry, cool, dark place, not exposed to direct sunlight
  • controlled skills: spill kit for mercury
  • disposal: never fill an empty container with another substance due to potential dangerous chemical reaction
  • empty containers must be placed in a special place specifically for these used containers where they will be collected at a specified collection
21
Q

minimizing exposure to chemical hazards in the dental office/dental lab

A
  • read the labels and use as directed
  • store according to the manufacturer’s directions
  • keep containers tightly covered
  • wear appropriate PPE when handling hazardous substances
  • wash hands immediately after removing gloves
  • avoid skin contact with chemicals; immediately wash skin that has come in contact with chemicals
  • always have an operational fire extinguisher handy
  • always have an eye-rinse station available
  • proper ventilation for fumes and dust in lab and rad area
22
Q

MSDS

A
  • report containing information from the manufacturer on every material present in the clinic. it includes: chemicals present, hazards, handling, cleanup and PPE required
23
Q

flammable liquids

A
  • flash point: low = easily ignites, butane for the bunsen burner will ignite in air
  • flammable liquids (liquid monomer for acrylic or acetone) - work away from an open flame
  • acids: phosphoric, hydrofluoric and hydrochloric - used for manipulation of many dental materials. rinse skin or eyes (for at least 5 mins)
24
Q

things we can do/not do to minimize exposures

A
  • do not eat, drink, smoke, apply lip balm or insert contact lenses in ares where chemicals are used
  • keep vaporizing chemicals away from open flames and heat sources
  • know and use proper cleanup procedures
  • keep neutralizing agents available for strong acid and alkaline solutions
  • dispose of all hazardous chemicals according to CDA instructions
25
Q

what are bio-aerosols

A
  • bio = living
  • aerosols = mist
  • a cloud-like mist containing microbes such as:
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • molds
  • fungi
  • yeast
26
Q

what are biocontaminants

A
  • microorganisms from exposure to blood, body fluids, oral and respiratory secretions
  • ex. hep B, hep C, HIV
27
Q

how can we manage aerosols in the dental office

A
  • use HVE during all procedures that produce aerosols
  • use rubber dams (minimize exposure to oral fluids)
  • pour chemicals rather than spraying
  • clean air and vacuum filters frequently
  • use lids on ultrasonic cleaners and other chemical containers
  • minimize the use of latex products
  • use powder-free gloves
  • use vacuum dust collection system during dust-producing laboratory procedures
  • wear appropriate PPE
28
Q

what is disinfection

A
  • a process that kills most microorganisms but rarely kills all spores. through the use of chemicals the reduction or lowering of the number of microorganisms on objects/hard surfaces is disinfection
29
Q

what is sterilization

A
  • any process that kills all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi
30
Q

what is PPE and what does it include

A
  • PPE = personal protective equipment
  • includes
  • gloves
  • masks
  • lab coats (long sleeves)
  • eyewear
  • face shield
  • hair covering
  • ear plugs
31
Q

patient safety

A
  • eyes: protect with glasses (clear vs shaded)
  • airway: HVS/E = high velocity suction or evacuator
  • rubber dam
32
Q

managing bio-aerosols/minimize their effects by

A
  • frequently cleaning the air-filtration system
  • using proper oral and lab evacuation techniques during bio-aerosol-producing procedures
  • wear appropriate PPE
  • keep all containers of chemicals tightly covered
  • keep al extraneous equipment off countertops
  • keep all drawers closed
33
Q

what is ultimate strength

A
  • maximum pressure a material can withstand
34
Q

what is fatigue failure

A
  • slow process of wearing resulting in microscopic flaws
35
Q

what are the 6 factors that affect bonding strength

A
  1. wetting
  2. viscosity
  3. film thickness
  4. surface characteristic
  5. restoration
  6. adhesives used
36
Q

what is wetting

A
  • the degree to which a liquid adhesive is able to spread over the surface of a tooth and restorative material
37
Q

what is viscosity

A
  • the resistance of a liquid material to flow
38
Q

what is film thickness

A
  • the minimal thickness obtainable by a layer of a liquid material after it sets under pressure and is particularly important in working with dental cements
39
Q

what is surface characteristics

A
  • other factors that affect the adhesives retention of a material, like cleanliness of a surface, moisture contamination, surface texture and surface energy of the restoration and the tooth

Dental Materials (18 decks)

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