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WsetDip D1 > Chpt 1-3 > Flashcards

Chpt 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 sections of the vine?

A

Shoots, one-year-old wood, permanent wood, and roots

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2
Q

What makes up the canopy?

A

Buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences

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3
Q

Shoots on the vine come from buds grown when?

A

The previous year.

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4
Q

What is an inflorescence?

A

The cluster of flowers on a stem which becomes a bunch of grapes. 1 to 3 per shoot.

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5
Q

What are solutes?

A

Substances that dissolve in a liquid to form a solution and in this instance include sugars and minerals.

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6
Q

What is a node?

A

The little swellings along the shoot where the other structures are attached.

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7
Q

What does the main axis of the shoot do?

A

Transports water, solutes, and stores carbohydrates.

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8
Q

What is a cane?

A

When the shoot turns brown and gets woody in the late summer. Shoots lignify.

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9
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

-the process by which green plants use sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water
• the leaves are the main site of photosynthesis in the vine
• the sugars produced in photosynthesis are used for vine growthand metabolism

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10
Q

Describe transpiration

A

-water vapour diffuses out of the stomata (tiny pores) on the underside of vine leaves
• the loss of water from the cells in the leaf causes water to be pulled upwards from the soil, through the roots and thea bove-ground parts of the vine

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11
Q

What are the requirements of the grape vine?

A

water, oxygen, heat, co2, sunlight, nutrients

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12
Q

What are the 4 stages of Green Growth in the Vine Cycle?

A

Dormancy, Budburst, Shoot formation, Flowering and Pollination

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13
Q

What is Coulture?

A

Failed fruit set for a high portion of flowers. Caused by imbalance in carbohydrate levels. (result of low/poor photosynthesis or vigorous shoot growth) Grenache, Cab Sauv, Merlot and Malbec most susceptible.

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14
Q

What is Millerandge?

A

High proportion seedless grapes. Ripens normally, but smaller and can be green and unripe. Caused by cold, wet, windy weather at fruit set. Chardonnay and Merlot susceptible.

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15
Q

What are the 7 influences on regional and site climate?

A 
-latitude
• altitude
• mountains
• slopes
and aspect
• soil
• water
• air
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16
Q

What are the 5 macro-nutrients the vine requires?

A 
-nitrogen
• potassium
• phosphorous
• calcium
• magnesium
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17
Q

List the hazards to the vine.

A

drought, excess of water, untimely rainfall, freeze, frosts and hail, sunburn, fire and smoke taint

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18
Q

List the 6 Pests in the vineyard.

A 
-phylloxera
• nematodes
• grape moths
• spider mites
• birds
• mammals
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of buds.

A

Compound and Prompt

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20
Q

Define a compound bud.

A

(latent bud) forms in one growing season and breaks open to produce shoots in the next growing season.

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21
Q

Define a prompt bud.

A

Forms and breaks open to produce lateral shoots in the same growing season.

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22
Q

What is a lateral shoot?

A

Formed from prompt buds. Smaller and thinner than primary shoots. Main function is allow the plant to carry on growing in case the tip of the primary bud is eaten or damaged.

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23
Q

What is a second crop?

A

Lateral shoots that produce inflorescenses whose bunches may grow and ripen later. If harvested at the same time as the main bunches, these grapes will have higher acid and unripe flavor/tannin/color.

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24
Q

Define a tendril.

A

In the wild, tendrils enable the plant to attach itself to other plants/trees for support. They curl around wires, but are not relied upon for support.

25
Q

What are the 3 parts of the grape?

A

Pulp, skin and seeds

26
Q

What’s in the pulp of the grape?

A

Water, sugar, acids and some aroma compounds and aroma precursors.

27
Q

What is in the skin of a grape?

A

High concentration of aroma compounds and aroma precursors, tannins, and color compounds.

28
Q

Define a seed.

A

Inside the grape, they turn yellow to brown. Contains oils, tannins and the embryo of a new plant.

29
Q

What is one-year-old-wood?

A

Shoots from the previous growing season that were not removed at pruning. Supports the compound buds that will break to release the shoots for the upcoming growing season.

30
Q

Define permanent wood.

A

Woody parts of the vine that are older than a year. Called cordons. Cordons support other parts of the vine and store carbohydrates and nutrients.

31
Q

Explain the roots of the vine.

A

Top 50cm of soil, anchor the vine and provide uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. Store carbohydrates and produce hormones.

32
Q

What is a cutting?

A

A section of the vine shoot that can be planted and will grow as a new plant. Most common. Can be grafted onto rootstocks.

33
Q

What is layering?

A

Shoots from a neighboring vine are bent down and buried into the ground. Fills in vineyard gaps. Grows on it’s own roots (not rootstock). No phylloxera protection or desired qualities that rootstocks may offer.

34
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Vines with particularly favorable characteristics are selected for propagation by cuttings in order to grown new vines with those favorable characteristics.

35
Q

What is mass selection?

A

Vineyard owners take cuttings from their own vines and cultivate these cuttings. Increases diversity of planting material and can enhance fruit quality and yield. But, costly in terms of time and labor. Can also spread disease.

36
Q

What is cross fertilization?

A

Pollen and stamens of the flowers from one vine are transferred to the stigmas of the flowers of another vine.

37
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

The offspring from two parent vines from different species. (Vidal Blanc)

38
Q

What is the main reason new grape varieties don’t come to market?

A

Consumer resistance

39
Q

When is Dormancy?

A

Nov-Mar

40
Q

When is Budbreak?

A

February

41
Q

When is Shoot and Leaf Growth?

A

Feb-July

42
Q

When is Flowering and Fruit Set?

A

May-June

43
Q

When is Grape Development?

A

June-Oct

44
Q

When is Dormancy?

A

Nov-Mar Vine Needs- temps below 10c (50f) Adverse Conditions-extreme cold or unusually mild

45
Q

When is Budburst?

A

Mar-April Vine Needs-avg air/soil temps above 10c (50f) Adverse conditions- Frost, cold soils

46
Q

When is Shoot and Leaf Growth?

A

Mar-July Vine Needs-stored carbs, warmth, sunlight, nutrients and water. Adverse conditions-low carb levels (previous growing season) and water stress

47
Q

When is Flowering and Fruit Set?

A

May-June Vine Needs-warm temps (min 17c(63f)) sunlight, warmth, water and nutrients for bud fruitfulness in the next growing season. Adverse conditions-rainy, cloudy, windy, cold temps

48
Q

When is Grape Development?

A

June-Oct Vine Needs-sunlight, warmth, mild water stress. Adverse conditions-too much water/nutrients, too much shade on grapes, too cold or too hot during the day or night.

49
Q

When is Harvest?

A

Sept-Oct-

50
Q

What happens during Stage 1 of Grape Development-Early Grape Growth?

A

Begins right after fruit set. Hard green grapes begin to grow. Tartaric and Malic acids accumulate. Aroma compounds and prescursors begin to develop. (Methoxypyrazines) Tannins are bitter and sugar levels low.

51
Q

What prolongs Stage 1 of Grape Development-Early Grape Growth?

A

Too much water and nitrogen. This encourages too much shoot growth which delays grape ripening. Might mean not enough time for the grapes to ripen before harvest.

52
Q

What speeds up Stage 1 of Grape Development-Early Grape Growth?

A

Mild water stress which causes smaller grapes but with greater skin to pulp ratio leading to better quality (higher levels of color, tanins and aroma compounds.)

53
Q

What happens during Stage 2 of Grape Development-Veraison?

A

Grape growth slows down (lag phase). Cell walls become more stretchy and supple. Berries change color.

54
Q

What happens during Stage 3 of Grape Development-Ripening?

A

Most important for vine quality. Shoot growth slows substantially. Cells in the grapes expand, sugar and water accumulate and acid falls. Tannins, color and aromas develop.

55
Q

What grapes are known to ripen early?

A

Chardonnay, Pinot Noir

56
Q

What grapes are known to ripen late?

A

Cab Sauv, Grenache

57
Q

What are terpenes?

A

Give floral and citrus aromas

58
Q

What happens during Stage 4 of Grape Development-Extra-Ripening?

A

Shrivel on the vine. No water or sugar is imported to the grape. Flavors change (overripe) Tannins soften.

WsetDip D1 (87 decks)

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