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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

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0
Q

This is secreted from the stomach when empty to produce the sensation of hunger?

A

Ghrelin

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1
Q

What are the three short-term regulators of appetite?

A

Ghrelin
Peptide YY
Cholecystokinin

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2
Q

Secreted from the ileum and colon too signal satiety and terminate eating?

A

Peptide YY

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3
Q

Secreted from the duodenum and Jejunum to produce an appetite suppressant effect?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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4
Q

These activate mechanisms for adding or reducing fat?

A

Long term regulators of appetite

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5
Q

Secreted from adipocytes in proportion to one’s fat stores and informs the brain how much body fat we have?

A

Leptin

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6
Q

Secreted from the pancreas and informs the brain of the body’s fat stores?

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Where do the hormones have receptors to regulate appetite?

A

The hypothalamus

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8
Q

Hunger is also stimulated by?

A

Gastric peristalsis

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9
Q

When do hunger contractions begin?

A

Soon after the stomach is emptied

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10
Q

What is considered obesity?

A

Greater than 20% of the recommended Norm

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11
Q

In the USA what percentage of adults are obese? What percentage of adults are overweight?

A

30% are obese

35% are overweight

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12
Q

What is obesity determined by?

A

It is determined by our BMI (kg/m2)

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13
Q

Excessive weight increases risk of what diseases?

A

Athersclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, joint pain, kidney stones, and cancers

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14
Q

Consumption of excess calories in childhood causes ______________ to increase in size and number?

A

Adipocytes

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15
Q

In adults Adipocytes do not multiply but what happens to the cell?

A

The cell size changes

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16
Q

A measure of the capacity to do biological work?

A

Calorie

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17
Q

The amount of heat that will raise 1 g of water 1°C?

A

1 calorie

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18
Q

One kilocalorie or Calorie equals how many calories?

A

1000 calories

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19
Q

Carbohydrates and proteins yield how many kilocalories per gram? Fats yield how many kilocalories per gram?

A

4 kcal/g

9 kcal/g

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20
Q

Any ingested chemical use for growth, repair, or maintenance?

A

Nutrients

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21
Q

Ingested chemicals Consumed in large quantities

A

Macronutrients

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22
Q

Ingested chemicals where only small quantities are required?

A

Micronutrients

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23
Q

These chemicals must be included in the diet?

A

Essential nutrients

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24
Q

What does PDV mean?

A

Percent daily value

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25
Q

Carbohydrates (CHO) - percent daily value (PDV) = what percent of calories?

A

40 to 50% of calories

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26
Q

Some sugars are components of other molecules, most carbohydrates serve as?

A

Fuel

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27
Q

__________ and __________ Depend on carbohydrates for energy Needs?

A

Neurons and red blood cells

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28
Q

Excess carbohydrates are converted to what?

A

Fats

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29
Q

Polysaccharides are what kind of carbohydrates?

A

Complex

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30
Q

What are three types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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31
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (sugarcane, beets), lactose (milk), maltose (grain)

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32
Q

Name three types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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33
Q

All carbohydrate digestion ultimately generates_____________?

A

Glucose

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34
Q

Sources of carbohydrates?

A

Plants mostly and should be mostly complex carbohydrates

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35
Q

What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of fiber?

A

30 g/day

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36
Q

Fiber is plant material that resists?

A

Digestion like cellulose and pectin

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37
Q

Water insoluble fiber in the intestines does what?

A

Absorbs water
Swells
Softens feces
Thus speeding up the passage of feces

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38
Q

Water soluble fiber reduces?

A

Blood cholesterol and LDL

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39
Q

Lipid percent Daily value equals?

A

Less than 30% of calories with saturated fat less than 10%, cholesterol less than 300 mg a day

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40
Q

Function is to Compact stored energy and insulation

A

Lipids

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41
Q

Necessary for absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K?

A

Lipids

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42
Q

Phospholipids and cholesterol are in ________ _________, Myelin, etc.

A

Plasma membranes

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43
Q

These type of lipids must be obtained from the diet?

A

Essential fatty acids

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44
Q

Excess lipids is a risk factor for what diseases?

A

Diabetes, CVD, breast and colon cancers

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45
Q

When the carbon chains have as many hydrogen as possible this is called?

A

Saturated fat

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46
Q

Predominately from animals, coconut, and palm oil

Raises serum cholesterol all levels

A

Saturated fat

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47
Q

Unsaturated fats that have been saturated?

A

Hydrogenated oils

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48
Q

Carbon chains that have fewer hydrogen?

A

Unsaturated fats

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49
Q

Found predominantly in nuts, seeds, vegetable oil?

A

Unsaturated fat

50
Q

Found in animal products, not plants?

A

Cholesterol

51
Q

Droplets with the core of cholesterol and triglycerides and a protein and phospholipid coating?

A

Lipoprotein

52
Q

Transport lipids from small intestines to adipocytes?

A

Chylomicrons

53
Q

Transport lipids from the liver to the adipose tissue

A

VLDLs

54
Q

Once emptied of lipids VLDLs become _________ Containing cholesterol?

A

LDLs

55
Q

Transport cholesterol to cells including endothelium?

A

LDL’s

56
Q

Empty protein shells from the liver that pick up cholesterol from other cells and transported to the liver?

A

HDLs

57
Q

Proteins - PDV = ?

A

20% of calories

58
Q

Multiply weight in pounds by ______ For RDA of proteins In grams?

A

0.37

59
Q

Proteins help with?

A

Muscle contraction, motility, cell membrane, structural components, enzymes, Ab, hormones, Hb, blood viscosity, and osmolarity, etc.

60
Q

Excessive intake overloads the ________ And can cause _________ __________?

A

Kidneys

Renal damage

61
Q

Eight of 20 amino acids must come from food, These are called?

A

Essential amino acids

62
Q

Do all the necessary amino acids need to be present to make a protein?

A

Yes

63
Q

Provide all of the essential amino acid (animal)?

A

complete proteins

64
Q

Lack one or more essential amino acid (plant)?

A

Incomplete proteins

65
Q

Chief dietary source of nitrogen?

A

Proteins

66
Q

Inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water?

A

Minerals

67
Q

Essential micronutrients that constitute 4% of the body mass?

A

Minerals

68
Q

Mg, Cl, P, S, Na, Ca, K

A

.

69
Q

What are organic compounds necessary for metabolism called?

A

Vitamins

70
Q

Most of these must be obtained from the diet, some are synthesized from precursors, and some are produced by colon bacteria?

A

Vitamins

71
Q

What water-soluble vitamins are absorbed with water?

A

Vitamin C and vitamin Bs

72
Q

This vitamin promotes hemoglobin, collagen and CT synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

73
Q

These vitamins are coenzymes that transfer electrons?

A

Vitamin Bs

74
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with what?

A

Dietary lipids

75
Q

This vitamin contributes to a component of visual pigments?

A

Vitamin A

76
Q

This vitamin promotes Ca+2 absorption and bone mineral station?

A

Vitamin D

77
Q

This vitamin Is responsible for prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

78
Q

This is an antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

79
Q

Which vitamins are antioxidants that scavenge free radicals?

A

Vitamins A, E, and C

80
Q

Synthesis of glycerol and fatty acids from sugars and amino acids is called?

A

Lipogenesis

81
Q

What is hydrolysis of fat for fuel called?

A

Lypolysis

82
Q

What is the process of lipolysis?

A
  • Glycerol is converted to PGAL and enters glycolysis
  • Fatty acids are catabolized to acetyl groups and enter the CAC
  • One Fatty acid of 16 carbons = 129 molecules of ATP
  • Excess acetyl groups are converted to Ketone bodies
83
Q

What is the first step in using amino acids as fuel?

A

Deamination

84
Q

Removal of an amino acid group (-NH2) Is called?

A

Deamination

85
Q

After deamination the remainder of the amino acid may be converted to _______ __________, __________ ________ Or a CAC molecule?

A

Pyruvic acid

Acetyl group

86
Q

The -NH2 Becomes ___________ Which the liver converts to __________?

A

Ammonia

Urea

87
Q

What three things fall under the metabolic states and metabolic rates?

A

Absorptive state
Postabsorptive state
Metabolic rate

88
Q

What state are you in four hours during and after a meal?

A

Absorptive state

89
Q

What happens to the nutrients during the Absorptive state?

A

They being absorbed and used to meet energy and other needs. The insulin hormone helps.

90
Q

What is used in ATP synthesis, excess of this is converted to glycogen or fat?

A

Blood glucose

91
Q

Hepatocytes , adipocytes, and muscles use this for energy, excess is stored in adipocytes?

A

Fats

92
Q

This is Available for protein, ATP, or fatty acid synthesis?

A

Amino acids

93
Q

The absorptive state is regulated by?

A

Insulin

94
Q

What is secreted in response to elevated glucose and amino acids levels?

A

Insulin

95
Q

This is the time in the late morning, late afternoon, and overnight?

A

Postabsorptive state

96
Q

In the postabsorptive state, the Stomach and________ _________ Are empty and the body’s energy needs are met by ________ _________?

A

Small intestine

Stored fuel

97
Q

This is drawn from glycogen reserves or made from Fat or amino acids?

A

Glucose

98
Q

In these Adipocytes and hepatocytes convert glycerol to glucose and fatty acids are used as a source of energy?

A

Fats

99
Q

If glycogen and fat reserves are depleted what is used for fuel?

A

Proteins

100
Q

Postabsorptive state Is regulated by __________, Which promotes ____________, ________________, and____________

A

Glucagon

Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis

101
Q

The amount of energy liberated in the body per-unit time?

A

Metabolic rate

102
Q

The baseline rate is called?

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

103
Q

The basal metabolic rate plus energy expended for voluntary activities is called?

A

The total metabolic rate

104
Q

As one reduces food intake, the body reduces it’s ____________ ____________ To Conserve ________ _________?

A

Metabolic rate

Body mass

105
Q

The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is called the ___________ ___________?

A

Core temperature

106
Q

The core temperature of the body is?

A

37.2 to 37.6°C

107
Q

What is the shell temperature?

A

The temperature closer to the surface, which is 36.6 to 37.0°C

108
Q

What is excessively low body temperature called?

A

Hypothermia

109
Q

What is excessively high body temperature called?

A

Hyperthermia

110
Q

What does body heat come from?

A

Reactions such as nutrient oxidation and ATP use

111
Q

At rest most heat is generated by what?

A

The brain, heart, liver, and endocrine glands

112
Q

Transfer of heat between objects not in contact is called?

A

Radiation

113
Q

Transfer of heat between objects in contact is called?

A

Conduction

114
Q

Loss of heat as hot air rises and cool air replaces it is called?

A

Convection

115
Q

Loss of heat from the surface of the liquid which has absorbed heat to convert some of its molecules to gas is called?

A

Evaporation

116
Q

What does the hypothalamus thermostat do?

A

It monitors the temperature of the blood and receive signals from the peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin

117
Q

The hypothalamic thermostat sends signals to the ________-________ center or the ________-___________center.

A

Heat loss center

Heat promoting center

118
Q

This center senses when blood temperature is too high and promotes cutaneous vasodilation and sweating?

A

Heat Loss center

119
Q

This center senses when the blood temperature is too low and promotes cutaneous vasoconstriction, goosebumps and shivering?

A

Heat promoting center

120
Q

What are three types of disturbances of thermoregulation?

A

Heat cramp
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke

121
Q

Muscle spasms from excess electrolyte loss in sweat?

A

Heat cramp

122
Q

Severe water and electrolyte loss?

A

Heat exhaustion

123
Q

Core body temperature is over 40°C, body gains heat but cannot cool?

A

Heat stroke

Anatomy and Physiology II (18 decks)

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