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Advanced Pharmacology- NU 607 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Type of process:
Formulation of drug into suitable dosage form, administration of drug, disintegration and dissolution of drug.

How is drug getting into the patient? What form is it- liquid, tablet, PO, IV, etc?

A

Pharmaceutical Process

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2
Q

Type of process:
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.

What the body does to the drug and how does it get to the site of action?

A

Pharmacokinetic process

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3
Q

Type of process:
Drug-receptor interaction.

What the drug does to the body and is it able to produce the desired effects?
Efficacy and therapeutic index.

A

Pharmacodynamic process

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4
Q

Type of process:
Therapeutic effects and possible adverse reactions.

Are the drug effects appropriate?

A

Therapeutic process

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5
Q

4 factors of core drug knowledge

A

Therapeutic applications, interactions, side effects, and mechanisms of action

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6
Q

Factors of core patient knowledge

A

Age, sex, body mass, health status, genetics

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7
Q

STEPS stands for:

A

Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy, Price, and Simplicity of Use

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8
Q

How the drug produces its effects of its mechanism of action

A

Pharmacologic classification

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9
Q

The drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

A

Chemical Name

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10
Q

Nonproprietary name- name given by the US Adopted Name Council

A

Generic Name

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11
Q

Proprietary name- registered trademark, use of the name restricted by the drug’s patent owner

A

Trade Name

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12
Q

Helps us understand how the body handles the medication, understand the action and side effects of the drug, and understand the obstacles the drug faces to reach target cells (site of action)

A

Pharmacokinetics

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13
Q

Movement of drugs into and out of the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

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14
Q

Time it takes for the drug to be absorbed into the systemic circulation- determines how soon effects will begin

A

Rate of absorption

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15
Q

Amount of the drug absorbed- determines how intense effects of the drug will be

A

Extent of absorption

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16
Q

The amount of the drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation- looks at the extent of absorption

A

Bioavailability

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17
Q

What route provides 100% bioavailability?

A

IV

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18
Q

Important when evaluating the characteristic of a generic and trade drug
• Pharmaceutical equivalent drugs need to have the same amount of active drug but may contain different amounts of other buffers, making absorption different

A

Bioequivalence

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19
Q

Process through which larger molecules are transported through cell membrane
o Cell cytoplasm surrounds (engulfs) the molecule and draws it into the cells
o Fat soluble vitamins are taken in this way

A

Pinocytosis

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20
Q

Most drugs-move from area of higher concentration to lower concentration to get into the cell

A

Passive Diffusion

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21
Q

Drug molecule diffuses with the help of a carrier (mainly protein receptors found on cell membranes)

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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22
Q

Drug molecules have to move against a gradient using energy (ATP)
o Electrolytes and levodopa

A

Active Transport

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23
Q

A drug’s ________ effects the rate and extent of absorption of a drug

A

Route of administration

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24
Q

Food in stomach increases gastric blood flow, which does what to drug absorption?

A

Increases

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25
Q

Most drug absorption occurs in the ______.

A

Small intestine

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26
Q

Route with the fastest absorption.

A

Parenteral

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27
Q

Parts of body with faster distribution (more blood flow)

A

Heart, liver, kidneys, and brain

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28
Q

Parts of body with slower distribution (less blood flow)

A

Muscle, skin, and fat

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29
Q

More protein bound, less available to the tissues

A

Water-soluble drugs

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30
Q

Have poor protein binding and are easily taken into tissues and distributed throughout the body

A

Fat-soluble drugs

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31
Q

Do drugs need to be bound or unbound to protein to produce a response?

A

Unbound (or “free”)

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32
Q

Which phase of metabolism?Oxidation- where cytochrome P-450 molecules come into play
o Reduction- removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen to drug molecule
o Hydrolysis- splitting of drug molecule by addition of water

A

I

33
Q

Which phase of metabolism?Conjugation or glucuronidation- attachment of another chemical group to the drug, making it more water soluble for easier excretion

A

II

34
Q

Reside in ribosomes, Group of 57 families- 15 are involved in metabolism of drugs, 6 are involved in 95% of drug metabolism

A

P450 enzyme system

35
Q

When a drug is metabolized by a CYP, it is said to be a _______ of that

A

Substrate

36
Q

A drug that causes acceleration in the enzyme metabolization of another drug

A

Inducer

37
Q

A drug that causes inhibition inhibition in the enzyme metabolization of another drug

A

Inhibitor

38
Q

Delayed drug metabolism results in:

A
  1. Accumulation of drugs
  2. Prolonged action of the drugs
  3. Increased risk for adverse effects
39
Q

Metabolism of a drug by the liver before its systemic availability
o Can decrease the bioavailability of a drug

A

First-pass effect/phenomenon

PO meds

40
Q

A decrease in renal function effects elimination in what ways?

A
  1. Can prolong action or accumulation of the drug

2. Can increase adverse effects and toxicity

41
Q

Amount of drug needed to elicit a minimal therapeutic effect

A

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

42
Q

Time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic effect

A

Onset

43
Q

The time it takes for the drug to reach maximum therapeutic response
 When drug reaches its highest blood concentration

A

Peak

44
Q

Length of time concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic effect

A

Duration

45
Q

A physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

A

Steady-state

46
Q

The time required for one half of a given amount of a drug in the body to be eliminated from the body

A

Half-life

47
Q

Higher amount of drug given so a plateau is reached faster

 Quickly produces a therapeutic response

A

Loading dose

48
Q

Keeps plasma-drug concentration in therapeutic range

A

Maintenance Dose

49
Q

If a patient has liver or kidney failure, what needs to be adjusted on the medication you are prescribing?

A

Either lower the dose or give the drug at a longer frequency

50
Q

Cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

A

Drug action

51
Q

Physiologic reaction of the body to the drug

 Result of an interaction between the drug and target cell/receptor

A

Drug effect

52
Q

The magnitude of a maximal response that can be produced

A

Efficacy

53
Q

Produces a therapeutic effect at a lower dose compared to a drug with the higher dose

A

Potency

54
Q

The degree to which a drug molecule binds to a receptor and elicits a response

A

Affinity

55
Q

Drugs that bind to a receptor and produce a response- mimics the response of naturally occurring processes in the body

A

Agonists

56
Q

Drugs that attach to a receptor (but not completely) and blocks the receptor and associated response to it

A

Antagonists

57
Q

Average lethal dose

A

LD50 (lethal dose)

58
Q

Average or standard dose- predicts therapeutic dose for ½ of the population, dose required to produce a response in 50% of clients

A

ED50 (effective dose)

59
Q

Measures a drug’s safety using a margin of safety

A

Therapeutic Index

60
Q

Therapeutic index formulat

A

LD50/ED50

61
Q

Narrow margin of safety and requires close monitoring of drug levels to ensure client is not in toxic range

A

Low therapeutic index

62
Q

Wide margin of safety- does not require monitoring

A

High therapeutic index

63
Q

When two drugs with similar action are given together they have an increased effect than either of them alone

A

Additive effects

64
Q

The effects of two combined drugs are better than what can be achieved by either alone

A

Synergism

65
Q

Effects of two drugs are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately- can sometimes cancel each other out

A

Antagonism

66
Q

The physical interaction of 2 drugs interferes with the effects of at least one of the drugs
• Can result in chemical deterioration of one or both drugs

A

Incompatibility

67
Q

When is the period of greatest danger for teratogenic drugs and why?

A

Embryonic period (14 days to 8 weeks), because organ development is occurring

68
Q

Pregnancy class- adverse effects seen in animals, no info in humans available

A

C

69
Q

Pregnancy class- possible risk in humans have been reported, need to consider risk vs benefit before prescribing

A

D- ace inhibitors and tetracyclines

70
Q

Pregnancy class-contraindicated in pregnant women

A

X- thalidomide, cocaine, vitamin A

71
Q

A state in which the body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued

A

Dependence

72
Q

Pregnancy Category:
Adequate and well controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the 1st trimester (no evidence in later trimesters)

A

A

73
Q

Pregnancy Category:
Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women

A

B

74
Q

Pregnancy Category: Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risk

A

C

75
Q

Pregnancy Category: There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks

A

D

76
Q

Pregnancy Category: Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh the potential benefit

A

X

77
Q

Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration

A

Tolerance

78
Q

The plasma level at which toxic effects begin

A

Toxic concentration

79
Q

Drugs must be ______ to penetrate cell membranes

A

Lipid-soluble

Advanced Pharmacology- NU 607 (5 decks)

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