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Advanced Pharmacology- NU 607 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Selective activation of alpha 2 receptors in the CNS, reducing sympathetic outflow to blood vessels and the heart

A

Centrally acting alpha 2 agonist

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2
Q

Should be used when additional LDL reduction is needed

A

Bile acid sequestrants

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3
Q

Increases enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which breaks down cholesterol. Used for patients with hypertriglyceridemia severe enough to increase the risk of pancreatitis.

A

Fibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, clofibrate)

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4
Q

Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and increases levels of bradykinin in the lungs

A

ACEi

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5
Q

Used in pulmonary edema, edema from HF, hepatic origin, or renal origin, uncontrolled HTN

A

Loops

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6
Q

Used in HTN, edema, can be used to augment diuresis with loop or thiazide

A

Potassium sparing diuretics

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7
Q

Contraindications:

use with caution when taking other agents that can raise potassium levels

A

Potassium sparing diuretics

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8
Q

Carries cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver to promote cholesterol removal

A

HDL

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9
Q

Contraindications:

bilateral renal artery stenosis, pregnancy category D, use of lithium, taking diuretics or NSAIDS

A

ACEi

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10
Q

Example of dihydropyridine CCB

A

Amlodipine, nifedipine, felodipine, nicardipine

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11
Q

Blocks angiotensin II receptors in blood vessels, causing vasodilation and decrease in aldosterone release

A

ARB

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12
Q

Pregnancy category X

A

Statins

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13
Q

SEs:

bradycardia, decrease in CO, HF, drowsiness, sedative effects, dry mouth, rebound HTN

A

Centrally acting alpha 2 agonist

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14
Q

Used in HTN and BPH

A

Alpha 1 blockers

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15
Q

Acts on smooth muscle and the heart, causing vasodilation and increasing coronary artery perfusion, reduction of SA and AV node conduction, and blockade in myocardium (causing decrease in contractility)

A

CCB- nondihydropyridine

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16
Q

Example of centrally acting alpha 2 agonist

A

Clonidine, methyldopa

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17
Q

SEs:
angioedema
fetal injury
renal failure

A

ARB

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18
Q

SEs:
hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration, hypotension, hypokalemia, ototoxicity, hyperuricemia, decrease in cholesterol, decrease in magnesium and calcium

A

Loops

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19
Q

Used in hypertension only

A

Direct renin inhibitor

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20
Q

SEs:

orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion

A

Alpha 1 blockers

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21
Q

Give ASA 30 min before administering this drug (and why)

A

Niacin- for flushing and peripheral vasodilation

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22
Q 
SEs:
hyponatremia
hypochloremia
dehydration
hypercalcemia
hyperglycemia
hyperuricemia
increase in cholesterol
decrease in magnesium
A

Thiazides

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23
Q

Can mask s/s of hypoglycemia, use with caution in patients with DM

A

BBs

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24
Q

Digoxin toxicity symptoms

A 
Confusion
n/v/d
dysrhythmias
loss of appetite
tachycardia
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25
Q

What does low potassium do to digoxin?

A

Increases binding of digoxin to NA, K ATPase, which leads to more accumulation of calcium and can lead to toxicity

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26
Q

Acts on vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation of peripheral arteries and arterioles and reducing blood pressure

A

CCB- dihydropyridine

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27
Q

Fibrates and niacin do what?

A

Decrease TG and increase HDL

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28
Q

Blocks action of aldosterone in distal tubule of nephron, causing increased excretion of sodium and water and retention of potassium

A

Aldosterone antagonist

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29
Q

Does not work if GFR < 40

A

Thiazides

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30
Q

Blocks absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine and biliary cholesterol without working on bile acids

A

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

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31
Q

Example of alpha 1 blocker

A

Doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin

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32
Q

Blunt diuretic effects and reduce efficacy of ACEi

A

NSAIDs

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33
Q

SEs:

hyperkalemia, nausea, vomiting, leg cramps, dizziness, blood dyscrasia

A

Potassium sparing diuretics

34
Q

Used in HTN, HF, diabetic nephropathy, MI, prevention of MI, CVA and death in high CV risk patients

A

ARB

35
Q

Can be used in HTN in pregnancy

A

Methyldopa, BBs, hydralazine

36
Q

Monitor levels of potassium when taking this drug- when levels are low, binding to NA, K ATPase increases, resulting in toxicity

A

Digoxin

37
Q

Used for essential HTN, HF, AMI, LV dysfunction, diabetic or non diabetic nephropathy, prevention of CVA, MI, and death in high CV risk patients

A

ACEi

38
Q

Potassium and digoxin do what when present together?

A

Compete with each other for binding to NA, K ATPase

39
Q

Can cause hyperglycemia

A

Niacin, thiazides, loop diuretics

40
Q

Example of potassium sparing diuretics

A

Amiloride, triamterene

41
Q

Used as first-line in HF, don’t give to Black people

A

BBs

42
Q

Contraindications:

pregnancy, gout, lithium use, digoxin use (lowers potassium)

A

Loops

43
Q

Contraindications:

HF, SSS, heart block, digoxin (can increase heart block further), grapefruit juice

A

CCB- nondihydropyridine

44
Q

Used for essential HTN, edema from HF, diabetes insipitus, and protection against postmenopausal osteoporosis

A

Thiazide diuretics

45
Q

Inhibits metabolism of most statins, which increases risk of myopathy and rhabdo

A

Fibric acid derivatives (EXCEPT FENOFIBRATE)

46
Q

Selective dilation of arterioles, causing decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and arterial BP- mostly likely through inhibiting movement of calcium in vascular smooth muscle- not first- line therapy for HTN

A

Hydralazine

47
Q

Increases HDL levels better than any other drug and is also used in treating high triglyceride levels

A

Niacin

48
Q

Contraindicated in renal insufficiency, angina, lactation, patients undergoing cataract surgery

A

Alpha 1 blockers

49
Q

Before starting a statin, check a baseline _______.

A

ALT level

50
Q

Mean arterial pressure equation

A

Cardiac output x peripheral resistance

51
Q

Used in angina pectoris, essential HTN

A

CCB- dihydropyridine

52
Q

Major cholesterol carrier, role is delivery of cholesterol to non-hepatic tissues

A

LDL

53
Q

Contraindicated in pregnancy only

A

Direct renin inhibitor

54
Q

Contraindications:

  • reflex tachycardia can cause angina
  • if high doses, can lose selectivity and act on heart
A

CCB- dihydropyridine

55
Q

Can reduce efficacy and intensify diuretics and ACE inhibitors, can also promote sodium retention and peripheral vasoconstriction

A

NSAIDs

56
Q

X category in pregnancy

A

Statins

57
Q

Blockade of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors, causing dilation of arterioles and veins and relaxation of smooth muscle in bladder neck and prostatic capsule

A

Alpha 1 blocker

58
Q 
SEs:
first-dose hypotension
persistent, dry cough
hyperkalemia
renal failure
fetal injury
angioedema
neutropenia
A

Acei

59
Q

Accounts for nearly all of the TGs in the blood- role is to deliver TGs from the liver to adipose tissue and muscle

A

VLDL

60
Q

Don’t use in DM

A

BB and thiazides, niacin

61
Q

Contraindications: use with caution in patients taking agents that raise potassium levels

A

Aldosterone antagonists

62
Q

Can cause hypercalcemia

A

Thiazide diuretics

63
Q

Bind to bile acids in small intestine and are excreted in feces, body compensates for reduction of bile acids by converting cholesterol to bile salts and decreasing cholesterol- only effects LDL

A

Bile acid sequestrants

64
Q

SEs:

diarrhea, fetal injury/death, angioedema, hyperkalemia

A

Direct renin inhibitor

65
Q

Contraindications:
bilateral renal artery stenosis
pregnancy

A

ARB

66
Q

Blocks alpha and beta 1 receptors to decrease HR, contractility and vasoconstriction

A

Beta blockers

67
Q

Example of nondihydropyridine CCB

A

Verapamil and diltiazem

68
Q

Used in angina pectoris, HTN, cardiac dysrhythmias

A

CCB- nondihydropyridine

69
Q

SEs:

hyperkalemia, endocrine effects

A

Aldosterone antagonists

70
Q 
What class are these?
gemfibrozil, fenofibrate
A

Fibric acid derivatives

71
Q

SEs:
flushing, dizziness, headache, peripheral edema, gingival hyperplasia, eczematous rash, reflex tachycardia with IR, can lose selectivity if used in high doses

A

CCB- dihydropyridine

72
Q

Muscle pain, tea-colored urine (myoglobin), increased CK levels

A

Rhabdomyolysis

73
Q

Used in HTN, severe pain, ADHD

A

Centrally acting alpha 2 agonist

74
Q

SEs:
reflex tachycardia, increased blood volume from sodium/water retention leading to edema, SLE-like syndrome (muscle pain, joint pain, fever, nephritis, pericarditis)

A

Hydralazine

75
Q

Acomponent of all cell membranes and required for synthesis of certain hormones and bile salts- synthesis is catalyzed by an enzyme 3-hydroxyl-2-methyglutaryl coenzyme (HMG-CoA reductase)

A

Cholesterol

76
Q

What class are these? cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam

A

Bile acid sequestrants

77
Q

Binds with renin and inhibits cleavage of angiotensinigen to angiotensin I

A

Direct renin inhibitor

78
Q

Blocks sodium and chloride reabsorption in the early segment of the distal convoluted tubule, causing water to be retained and increasing urinary flow

A

Thiazide diuretics

79
Q

Inhibits ion transport of sodium and potassium directly, causing decrease in reduction and reabsorption in potassium secretion

A

Potassium sparing diuretics

80
Q

Acts on thick segment of ascending loop of Henle to block absorption of sodium and chloride

A

Loop diuretics

81
Q

Used in HTN, edema, heart failure, premenstrual syndrome, PCOS, acne in young women

A

Aldosterone antagonist

82
Q

Inhibits NA, K ATPase enzyme, which promotes calcium accumulation within myocytes and facilitates interaction of myocardial contractile proteins (actin and myosin), leading to increase in contracility

A

Digoxin

Advanced Pharmacology- NU 607 (5 decks)

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