Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 12 > Blood - Notes > Flashcards

Blood - Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 components make up blood?

A

Plasma - 55%

Formed Elements - 45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major components of plasma?

A

Water

Plasma Proteins

Nutrients

Wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of Water in the plasma?

A

Maintains blood volume (+blood pressure)

Transports nutrients and wastes - water is a good solvent. Nutrients and wastes dissolve in it easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the major source of water in the plasma?

A

Absorbed into the blood from the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the plasma proteins in the plasma?

A

Blood clotting proteins

Antibodies to fight infection

Hormones - chemical messengers

All proteins help maintain osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the major source of plasma proteins?

A

Blood clotting proteins - Produced in the liver

Antibodies - Produced by white blood cells called lymphocytes

Hormones - Produced by endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the nutrients in the plasma?

A

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals

Salts - Help maintain osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do nutrients in the plasma come from?

A

Absorbed into the blood through villi in small intestines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the wastes in the plasma?

A

CO2 - end product of metabolism (dissolved in plasma)

NH3 = ammonia

Urea - (NH3 + CO2 -> Urea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do wastes in the plasma come from?

A

CO2 - Internal respiration at the tissues

NH3 - Deamination of amino acids

Urea - Produced in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

red blood cells

white blood cells

blood platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the formed elements fo blood come from?

A

All made in the red bone marrow from stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Small biconcave, disc-shaped cells

no nuclei, contain hemoglobin

made in red bone marrow

live about 120 days, destroyed by liver and spleen

carry O2, bound to Hb (HbO2)

carry small amounts of CO2 bound to Hb (HbCO2)

act as a buffer by removing H+ ions from blood (HHb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

a quarternary protein found in red blood cells

Hb + O2 -> HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)

Hb + CO2 -> HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)

Hb + H+ -> HHb (reduced hemoglobin)

Heme groups contain iron (Fe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are platelets?

A

fragments of cells

needed in blood clotting - form a temporary plug to stop bleeding

work together with blood clotting proteins (fibrin) to clot blood

produced in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does blood clotting occur?

A
  • Platelets form a temporary plug to decrease blood loss from ruptured blood vessels
  • Blood clotting protein called fibrin is activated
  • fibrin makes a mesh net over injury
  • formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) are caught in the net
  • This forms a more permanent plug and allows cells near injury to undergo cell division
  • new cells replace damaged tissue
17
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

fight infection in body

produced in bone marrow, lymphocytes mature (and reproduce) in lymph nodes

can be found in lymphatic system, in blood stream and may even squeeze through capillaries into tissues to perform their immune system functions.

18
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A

Granuolocytes

Agranulocytes

19
Q

What are granuolocytes?

A

white blood cells that have granules in the cytoplasm

basophil, eosinophol & neutrophil

  • Have lobed nucleus - therefore called polymorphonuclear
  • many are phagocytic (engulf by phagocytosis)
  • some release contents of granules which include histamines
20
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

A
  • Do not have granules in cytoplasm

Monocyte & Lymphocyte

  • Mononuclear
  • monocytes enlarge 5X size to become macrophages (large phagocytic cells)
  • lymphocytes (B & T cells) - B cells produce antibodies
  • platelets aid in blood clotting, small fragments of cells
21
Q

What are antigens?

A
  • surface feature on cell membranes
  • formed by embedded proteins in cell membrane and/or glycolipids and glycoproteins give cells distinctive ID
  • foreign antigens (viruses and bacteria) can be identified as foreign and removed from body.
22
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • Y shaped proteins produced by lymphocytes
  • Attach to antigen of opposite shape
  • Form an antibody/antigen complex
  • This inactivates some viruses and “marks” foreign antigen for destruction by phagocytic cells.
23
Q

How does oxygen get transported in the blood?

A

oxygen attaches to the heme or iron portion of hemoglobin

It forms oxyhemoglobin

Hb acts as a buffer by removing H+ however, Hb will release O2 readily when H+ concentration increases.

24
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

it is mostly in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood but a small amount can be combined with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 attaches to protein portion of hemoglobin

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions