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Haematology > Leukaemia > Flashcards

Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

difference between normal haematopoiesis and malignant haemopoiesis?

A

normal is polyclonal whereas malignant is usually monoclonal

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2
Q

what does leukaemia involve?

A

the blood

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3
Q

what does lymphoma involve?

A

lymph nodes

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4
Q

which leukaemia involves both the blood and lymph nodes?

A

CLL

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5
Q

define acute leukaemia

A

proliferation of abnormal progenitors with block in differentiation/ maturation

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6
Q

which type of leukaemia is more aggressive?

A

acute is more aggressive and has rapid progression of symptoms

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7
Q

what is chronic leukaemia?

A

abnormal progenitors without any differentiation or maturation block

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8
Q

what do acute leukaemias have in the peripheral blood or bone marrow?

A

excess of blasts >20% with loss of normal haemopoietic reserve

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9
Q

types of acute leukaemia

A
  1. acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

2. acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

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10
Q

what is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?

A

malignant disease of the primitive lymphoid cells (lymphoblasts)

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11
Q

which is the most common childhood cancer?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

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12
Q

presentation of ALL

A
  • marrow failure
  • extramedullary involvement= CNS, testis
  • bone pain
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13
Q

signs of marrow failure

A

anaemia
infections (gram -ve sepsis, fungal infection)
bleeding

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14
Q

what is acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)?

A

malignant disease of the myeloid blood cells

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15
Q

who gets AML?

A

elderly >60

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16
Q

presentation of AML

A
  • marrow failure
  • coagulation defects (DIC)
  • gum infiltration
17
Q

diagnosis of acute leukaemia

A
  • blood count and film
  • coagulation screen
  • bone marrow aspirate
  • cytogenetics
  • trephine
  • auer rods in AML
18
Q

what does the blood film show in acute leukaemia?

A

reduced normal with presence of abnormal blasts

19
Q

tests done on the bone marrow aspirate?

A

morphology

immunophenotyping

20
Q

what is the only test that can distinguish between AML and ALL?

A

immunophenotyping

21
Q

role of cytogenetics

A

prognosis

22
Q

what is a trephine?

A

piece of bone to assess cellularity

23
Q

management of acute leukaemias

A

multi-agent chemotherapy given via Hickman line

24
Q

where does the Hickman line sit?

A

junction between SVC and RA

25
Q

management of ALL

A

2-3 years of multi-agent chemotherapy with different phases

26
Q

management of AML

A

2-4 cycles with prolonged hospital stay of multi-agent chemotherapy

27
Q

complications in chemotherapy

A 
N&V
alopecia
liver and renal dysfunction
tumour lysis syndrome (first course)
infections
fertility
cardiomyopathy (anthracyclines)
28
Q

when are smudge cells seen?

A

CLL

immature leukocytes

Haematology (34 decks)

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