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BIO 152 > Chapter 42, 44, 49-Evolution Of Animal Organ Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 42, 44, 49-Evolution Of Animal Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What animal doesn’t nervous system?

A

All animal except sponges have nervous system.

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2
Q

What is the nerve net?

A
  • Simple nervous system
  • No brain
  • allow response to physical stimuli
  • Neuron are connected to each other when if activation occur to neurons in one region it spreads out to most or all neurons and stimulate contractile cells.
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3
Q

what type of nervous system does cnidaria have?

A

They have nerve net system

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4
Q

what type of nervous system does Echinoderms

have?

A

a slightly more complex system than nerve net. It consists of nerve ring around the mouth and radial nerves that extend into each arm that allow each arm to operate independently.

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5
Q

what type of nervous system does flatworms

have?

A

It consists of two lateral nerve cords connected by transverse nerves and cerebral ganglia which is collection of neuron in the head.

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6
Q

What functions does flatworm nervous system can do?

A
  1. perform basic integration of input from sense organs including touch, chemoreception and photoreception.
  2. control motor output involved in swimming and feeding.
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7
Q

What is the nervous system of Annelids?

A

It consists of single ventral nerve cord with ganglia in each segment.

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8
Q

What is the function of nervous system in each segment in annelids?

A

it controls the movement of each segment.

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9
Q

what does the nervous system of Arthropods consists of?

A

It consists of brain that has subdivisions of muscle control, memory, and learning.

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10
Q

what does the nervous system of Mollusks consists of?

A

It consists of brain that has subdivision that can coordinated complex visual and motor behaviors and learning.

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11
Q

What are the division of brain in vertebrate?

A
  1. hindbrain
  2. midbrain
  3. forbrain.
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12
Q

What is the order of phylum in terms of nervous system complexity?

A

sponges—>Cnidaria—>echinodermata—>flatworms—> annelids—> arthropods—-> mollusks—>vertebrate

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13
Q

What does hindbrain consists of ?

A

it include medulla oblongata and cerebellum

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14
Q

What is the function of medulla oblongata?

A

coordinating basic reflexes.

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15
Q

What is the function of cerebellum?

A

Coordinating body movement.

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16
Q

What is the function of midbrain?

A

it function in visual, auditory reflexes and alertness.

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17
Q

What does forebrain consist of?

A

It include cerbrum

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18
Q

What is the function of cerbrum?

A

voluntary muscle control, sensation, planning, emotion, learning, and memory.

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19
Q

What are the three basic type of cirulatory system?

A
  1. gastrovascular cavity
  2. open circulatory system
  3. closed circulatory system
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20
Q

How many opening does gastrovascular cavity have?

A

They have only one opening.

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21
Q

How does the gastrovascular cavity system work?

A

Food digested into the body cavity and absorbed by the body cells.

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22
Q

Where is the wastes secreted?

A

The wastes are secreted into the cavity.

23
Q

How does the absorption of the digested food occur?

A
  • All cells within their thin bodies are located close to the cavity or extensions that branches from it.
  • cilia and muscles activity promote circulation.
24
Q

What are the three components of cardiovascular system?

A
  1. hemolymph or blood
  2. muscular heart
  3. vessels
25
Q

What hemolymph is made out of?

A

mixed vessel fluid and tissue fluid.

26
Q

What blood is made out of?

A

It is made out of vessel fluid.

27
Q

How does open circulatory system work?

A
  1. Heart pump hemolymph fluid through vessels that open directly into animal’s body cavity.
  2. nutrient and wastes are exchanged between body hemolymph and body cells.
  3. hemolymph return to the heart through pores called ostia.
28
Q

Does circulatory system in insects transport oxygen?

A

NO, They they have seperate respiratory system.

29
Q

What are the advantages to open circulatory system?

A
  • energetically inexpensive.

- as animal activity increase, muscle activity increase circulation and makes it more efficient.

30
Q

What are the disadvantages to open circulatory system?

A

Hemolymph cannot selectively delivered to specific tissue.

31
Q

What does closed circulatory system transport?

A
  • they transport nutrients, oxygen, waste, antibodies, and immune cells.
32
Q

What are the advantages to close circulatory system?

A
  1. animal can grow large with more efficient blood supply.

2. Blood flow selectively controlled.

33
Q

What is the advantage of controlling blood flow?

A

regulate body temperature, promote muscle activity or digestion.

34
Q

What are the disadvantages to close circulatory system?

A

They are energetically expensive.

35
Q

What is the disadvantage single circulation?

A

it results in low blood supply and relatively slow rate of circulation.

36
Q

What is the disadvantage intermediate circulation?

A

It results in low O2 concentration due to the mixing of blood in ventricle.

37
Q

What are the four type of respiratory system?

A

Body surface, gill, trachea, or lungs.

38
Q

What is the common feature of gas exchange surface?

A

thin, and have extensive capillary blood flow to maximize diffusion of gases.

39
Q

How does invertebrate animal breath?

A

They use diffusion across body surface.

40
Q

Which of the vertebrate uses their skin for ventilation?

A

Amphibian are the only vertebrate that rely on their skin for significant gas exchange.

41
Q

What is external gill?

A

uncovered extension form the body surface.

42
Q

How does the external gill get ventilated?

A
  1. water current

2. waving back and forth through the water.

43
Q

What is the advantage of external gill?

A

maximum water exposure

44
Q

What is the disadvantage of external gills?

A
  1. unprotected and subject to damage.
  2. energy is required to wave gills back and forth
  3. appearance and motion may attract predator.
45
Q

Where are the internal gill located?

A

They are located in opercular cavity

46
Q

What are the internal gill covered with?

A

They are covered with bony operculum.

47
Q

What is the function of gill arches?

A

They provide support.

48
Q

What are the two ventilating mechanisms of internal gills?

A
  1. Buccal pumping

2. Ram ventilation.

49
Q

How does buccal pumping work?

A
  1. muscles lower the jaw enlarging the buccal cavity and creating negative hydrostatic pressure that suck water into the mouth
  2. operculum swings out of the body creating negative pressure that sucks water into the opercular cavity.
  3. mouth closes compress the buccal cavity and forced more water across the gills and out through the operculum.
50
Q

How does ram ventilation occur?

A
  1. fish swims with its mouth open

2. more energy efficient than buccal pumping

51
Q

which is more energy efficient buccal pumping or ram ventilation?

A

Ram ventilation.

52
Q

What does the tracheal respiratory system consists of?

A
  1. tiny spiracles
  2. trechae
  3. tracholes.
53
Q

How does the tracheal get ventilated?

A

The muscle movement of abdomen and thorax

54
Q

How does lungs get ventilated?

A
  1. buccal pumping

2. thoracic breathing uses ribs and diaphragm.

BIO 152 (11 decks)

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