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Anatomy 201 > MUSCULO - SKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

MUSCULO - SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What do you think makes up the musculo - skeletal system?

A

bones , joint/articulations and muscles

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2
Q

what are the components of the musculo - skeletal system?

A

it is a combination of both the muscular and skeletal system

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3
Q

what does the skeletal system consist of?

A

bones and the joints between them

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4
Q

what does the muscular system consist of?

A

individual and groups of muscles that act on these levers - bones

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5
Q

what happens when muscles act on bones?

A

it results in movements

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6
Q

Bone is the hardest of all living tissues and it is the most modified of connective tissues. what does the bone consist of?

A
  1. cells and fibres[organic components - 1/3 of the bone makeup]
  2. calcium salts[inorganic component - 2/3 of the bone makeup]
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7
Q

what do cells and fibres provide the bone with?

A

cells and fibres provide the bone with elasticity

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8
Q

what do calcium salts provide the bone with?

A

calcium salts provide the bone with rigidity

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9
Q

what are the cellular components of the bone made up of ?

A

osteoblasts , osteocytes , and osteoclasts

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10
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts?

A

osteoblasts lay down new bone and become osteocytes

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11
Q

where are osteocytes found?

A

osteocytes are found within mature bone

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12
Q

what is the osteoclast responsible for?

A

the osteoclast is responsible for the resorption of bone - a process that continues lifelong

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13
Q

what do the osteoprogenitor cells develop into?

A

the osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts

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14
Q

what does an osteoblast do?

A

an osteoblast forms the matrix of bone tissue

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15
Q

what do some osteoblasts do?

A

alternate into osteocytes

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16
Q

what does an osteocyte do?

A

an osteocyte maintains the matrix of bone tissue

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17
Q

what are the functions of bone?

A

to support , protect[skull , thorax , vertebrae] , allows movement to occur , haemopoeisis[the formation of blood cells] , calcium reservoir

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18
Q

why do humans need calcium?

A

so that the bone stays strong. if there is no calcium , the bone will become brittle and susceptible to breakage

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19
Q

bones are classified according to :

A
  1. shape
  2. structural pattern
    3 method of formation[ i.e ossification] and location : axial and appendicular
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20
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

bones of the head[cranium or skull] , neck[hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae] , and trunk [ ribs , sternum , vertebrae , and sacrum]

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21
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

the bones of the limbs , including those forming the pectoral [shoulder] and pelvic girdles

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22
Q

describe the long bone

A

long bone is tubular[e.g. humerus in the arm] , has a shaft[a medullary/marrow cavity] and the long bone has 2 extremities

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23
Q

what type bone does the long bone contain?

A

compact bone - thick in shaft [cortex]

cancellous[spongy] bone - found in the extremities

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24
Q

what does a fresh bone consist of?

A

hyaline cartilage , periosteum , nutrient artery enters the endosteum , bone marrow , capsule called synovium

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25
Q

describe short bones.

A

short bones are cuboidal

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26
Q

where are short bones found?

A

short bones are found only in the tarsus[ankle] and carpus[wrist]

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27
Q

what do short bones contain?

A

a thin outline of compact bone

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28
Q

what do short bones surround?

A

a core of spongy bone

29
Q

describe irregular bones

A

irregular bones have various shapes other than long , short or flat[e.g. the bones of the face]

30
Q

list 2 sesamoid bones.

A

patella[largest of sesamoid bones] and the pisiform[ bone of the hand]

31
Q

what does the flat bone consist of?

A

2 layers of compact bone - sandwiching the inner layer of spongy bone

32
Q

what is diploe?

A

diploe is the spongy cancellous bone separating the inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull.

33
Q

when bones are classified by structure , how can they be distinguished?

A

they are distinguished by the relative amount of solid matter and by the number and size of the spaces they contain

34
Q

what does the haversian canal contain?

A

the vein and the artery

35
Q

what are the volkmann’s canals?

A

the connection between the haversian canals

36
Q

BY METHOD OF FORMATION - Which bones are the membrane bones?

A

mainly flat bones

37
Q

when does the process begin?

A

6th week of gestation

38
Q

where do the bones develop from?

A

the bone develop directly from mesenchyme[embryonic connective tissue] without an intermediate cartilage model being formed - intra [membranous] ossification

39
Q

describe endochondral ossification.

A

the mesenchyme[embryonic connective tissue] will initially form at 6 weeks and it will change into a cartilage model of the future bone

40
Q

where does the cartilage model start to ossify ?

A

at the centre of the shaft[primary ossification centre]

41
Q

ossification proceeds…

A

proximally and distally until birth where the whole shaft is ossified

42
Q

what happens after birth?

A

the extremities ossify[until the whole bone is formed]and they will have their own ossification centre - secondary ossification centre

43
Q

where do the 2 extremities get their rich blood supply?

A

from the epiphysial artery

44
Q

which 3 main sources supply blood to the long bone ?

A

nutrient artery , metaphyseal - epiphyseal system and the periosteal system

45
Q

briefly describe the nutrient artery system.

A

the nutrient artery system is a high - pressure system that branches from major systemic arteries

46
Q

what does the nutrient artery system supply blood to?

A

the inner 2/3 of bone within the haversian system

47
Q

where do the metaphyseal - epiphyseal arteries arise?

A

the metaphyseal - epiphyseal arteries arise from the periarticular plexus

48
Q

where is the periarticular plexus found?

A

around the joint area of a long bone

49
Q

briefly describe the periosteal artery system

A

The periosteal artery system is a low-pressure system that supplies the outer 1/3 of bone with blood

50
Q

what is the periosteal artery system connected through?

A

The periosteal artery system is connected through Haversian and Volkmann canals.

51
Q

where does haemopoeisis[formation of blood cells] take place?

A

in the bone marrow

52
Q

list the blood cells formed

A

red blood cells - many types , platelets and white blood cells[ lymphocytes , monocytes , eosinophils , basophils and neurophils]

53
Q

what is the study of joints known as?

A

arthrology

54
Q

what is an articulation/joint?

A

a connection of 2 or more bones or cartilages

55
Q

classification of joints

A

fibrous , cartilaginous and synovial

56
Q

what takes places at a fibrous joint?

A

the adjacent bones are directly connected to each other by fibrous connective tissue - this means that there is no joint cavity between the bones

57
Q

list the 3 types of fibrous joints

A

sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses

58
Q

what takes place at a cartilaginous joint?

A

the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue.

59
Q

what do synovial joints contain?

A

a joint cavity that contains fluid

60
Q

what happens at the fluid filled space[joint cavity containing fluid]?

A

the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other

61
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joints

A

hinge , ellipsoid/condyloid , ball & socket , gliding , pivot , saddle

62
Q

define Hilton’s law

A

the nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the insertion of these muscles

63
Q

list the movements that joints allow

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Rotation
64
Q

why is myology?

A

the study of muscles

65
Q

how much of your body weight does the muscle tissue constitute?

A

Muscle tissue constitutes about ½ ones body weight

66
Q

Muscle tissue consists of specialised cells with the following characteristics :

A
  1. EXCITABILITY - ABILITY TO RECEIVE AND RESPOND TO
    STIMULI
  2. CONTRACTILITY - ABILITY TO SHORTEN & THICKEN OR
    CONTRACT
  3. EXTENSIBILITY - ABILITY TO STRETCH OR EXTEND
  4. ELASTICITY - ABILITY TO RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE
67
Q

list the functions of the muscle

A 
• MOTION – both obvious (e.g. walking) 
and not obvious (e.g. heart pumping)
• MAINTENANCE OF POSTURE – sitting 
and standing (stationary)
• PRODUCTION OF HEAT – up to 85% of all heat
68
Q

list the types of muscles

A

skeletal [striated and voluntary] , cardiac and smooth (non

striated and involuntary)

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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