Chapter 2

Question 1

Which theory of development emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, and which emphasized understanding how a person thinks?

a. Cognitive theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas psychoanalytic theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
b. Behaviorism emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas psychoanalytic theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
c. Psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas behaviorism emphasized understanding how a person thinks.
d. Psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas cognitive theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.

Answer 1

d. Psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, whereas cognitive theory emphasized understanding how a person thinks.

Question 2

Learning as defined in behaviorism is _____ the general definition of learning.

a. more comprehensive than
b. the same as
c. the opposite of
d. more narrow than

Answer 2

a. more comprehensive than

Question 3

For centuries, men have needed women to be sexually faithful to ensure that her children are also his offspring. Which theory is consistent with this explanation for faithfulness among romantic partners?

a. behaviorism
b. sociocultural theory
c. evolutionary theory
d. humanism

Answer 3

c. evolutionary theory

Question 4

Sally is helping her mom make a cake. Her mom helps Sally pick out the right ingredients, measure them, and mix them together. According to Vygotsky, Sally is engaging in:

a. operant conditioning
b. guided participation
c. her zone of proximal development
d. selective adaptation

Answer 4

c. her zone of proximal development

Question 5

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point it was suggested that parents toilet-train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is consistent with:

a. information processing theory
b. psychoanalytic theory
c. behaviorism
d. cognitive theory

Answer 5

c. behaviorism

Question 6

Within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, each of the development stages is characterized by a particular challenge or:

a. developmental conflict
b. conflict negotiation
c. crisis opposition
d. developmental crisis

Answer 6

d. developmental crisis

Question 7

The approach to cognitive development that focuses on the processes of thought instead of stages is called:

a. learning theory
b. information processing theory
c. cognitive cultural theory
d. accommodation theory

Answer 7

b. information-processing theory

Question 8

Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood?

a. Piaget
b. Erikson
c. Skinner
d. Freud

Answer 8

b. Erikson

Question 9

One of the reasons that school age children tend to enjoy working on worksheets, or making collections of objects, or practicing their hobby is becasue they are in which of Erikson’s stages:

a. autonomy vs shame
b. initiative vs. guilt
c. trust vs. mistrust
d. industry vs inferiority

Answer 9

d. industry vs. inferiority

Question 10

Theorists who promote classical conditioning differ from theorists who promote operant conditioning in their beliefs about the source of learned behavior. Which of these statements is true:

a. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize observing another person’s actions, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement.
b. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement.
c. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize observing another person’s actions.
d. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another.

Answer 10

b. Classical conditioning theorists emphasize the association between one stimulus and another, whereas operant conditioning theorists emphasize past reinforcement.

Question 11

The process by which a response becomes linked to a particular consequence is called:

a. cognition
b. psychoanalysis
c. operant conditioning
d. observational learning

Answer 11

c. operant conditioning

Question 12

_____ has/have shown the effect that immediate response, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment and over time.

a. Sociocultural Theories
b. Psychoanalytic theories
c. Behaviorism
d. Cognitive theories

Answer 12

c. Behaviorism

Question 13

A state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experience and ideas is called:

a. conflict resolution
b. cognitive equilibrium
c. social learning
d. information processing

Answer 13

b. cognitive equilibrium

Question 14

Vygotsky used the term _______ to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture:

a. zone of proximal development
b. selective adaptation
c. apprenticeship in thinking
d. guided participation

Answer 14

d. guided participation

Question 15

Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person more likely to repeat that behavior is called a(n):

a. observation
b. punishment
c. condition
d. reinforcement

Answer 15

d. reinforcement

Question 16

Observational learning is also called ____;

a. cognition
b. classical conditioning
c. modeling
d. operant conditioning

Answer 16

c. modeling

Question 17

Sally has a dog at home, so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and see’s an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, a tail, and is barking. Sally knows that these are characteristics of a dog, given her knowledge of dogs. She quickly concludes that this animal is a dog. This example illustrates the Piagetian concept of :

a. operations
b. assimilation
c. equilibrium
d. accommodation

Answer 17

b. assimilation

Question 18

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is:

a. a person’s ideas and beliefs
b. observations that individuals make about their environments
c. observable behaviors
d. inner drives, deep motives, and unconscious needs

Answer 18

d. inner drives, deep motive, and unconscious needs

Question 19

The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example the reinforcement is:

a. the boss
b. an hourly wage
c. the employee’s good work
d. the boss’s praise

Answer 19

d. the boss’s praise