Chapter 9

Question 1

Beverly and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Beverly’s father. “How about this? Daddy would love it!” Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly’s belief that her father would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of _____.

a. irreversibility
b. static reasoning
c. egocentrism
d. conservatism

Answer 1

c. egocentrism

Question 2

Preschool programs are called “child-centered” when they stress each child’s _____.

a. development and growth
b. language development
c. fine motor skills
d. gross motor skill

Answer 2

a. development and growth

Question 3

Maria Montessori believed that children needed _____.

a. writing and using tools
b. structured, individualized projects
c. rigorous academic training
d. nursery rhymes and quiet activities

Answer 3

b. structured, individualized projects

Question 4

Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents expect him to be doing?

a. gluing pieces of macaroni on a paper plate and adding color and glitter
b. listening to a story read aloud during circle time
c. practicing forming letters
d. forming shapes and textures in a tray filled with shaving cream

Answer 4

c. practicing forming letters

Question 5

Overregularization in a child’s speech patterns indicates that ____:

a. logical extension is now possible
b. the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations
c. the child is entering a sensitive period of language development
d. fast-mapping has occurred

Answer 5

b. the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations

Question 6

Joachim lives in the United States. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. His father speaks to him in German. His parents hope that Joachim will _____.

a. experience a language shift
b. become a fluent trilingual
c. not learn English
d. speak English with an accent

Answer 6

b. become a fluent trilingual

Question 7

A person’s understanding of the thoughts of other people is called _____.

a. theory of mind
b. intuitive psychology
c. self-schemes
d. psychological schemata

Answer 7

a. theory of mind

Question 8

Neuroscience has proven which statement about bilingual adults who mastered both languages before age 6?

a. Different languages reside in different areas of the brain, thus allowing a bilingual individual to activate only one area at a time.
b. Since both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals consciously inhibit one language while speaking the other.
c. Bilingual individuals of any age have difficulty keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking.
d. Both languages reside in the same area of the brain with no detriment to the cortex structure.

Answer 8

d. Both languages reside in the same area of the brain with no detriment to the cortex structure.

Question 9

Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of Piaget and _____.

a. Erikson
b. Skinner
c. Vygotsky
d. Freud

Answer 9

c. Vygotsky

Question 10

When children talk to themselves - and they do more often as tasks become more complex - Piaget called it ________ speech and thought it was _________. Vygotsky called it _________speech and thought it was _________.

a. private, adaptive; egocentric, worthless
b. private, worthless, egocentric, adaptive
c. egocentric, adaptive, private, worthless
d. egocentric, worthless; private, adaptive

Answer 10

a. private, adaptive; egocentric, worthless

Question 11

The ability to plan, remember, inhibit some impluses, and perform others is known as:

a. guided participation
b. overimitation
c. scaffolding
d. executive function

Answer 11

d. executive function

Question 12

When is the best time to learn a language?

a. late childhood
b. adulthood
c. adolescence
d. early childhood

Answer 12

d. early childhood

Question 13

Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child’s tendency to _____.

a. believe that what has been done cannot be undone
b. focus on something other than appearances
c. engage in centration when another solution is needed
d. use deductive reasoning to solve a problem

Answer 13

a. believe that what has been done cannot be undone.

Question 14

“I catched two mouses in a trap” is an example of _____.

a. literal translation
b. overregularization
c. egocentric speech
d. past imperfect tense

Answer 14

b. overregularization

Question 15

To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called _____.

a. animism
b. magical thinking
c. static reasoning
d. centration

Answer 15

d. centration

Question 16

What did Vygotsky say about preschoolers’ use of private speech?

a. It is a sign that the child is experiencing bullying at school.
b. It aids cognition and self-reflection.
c. It occurs when the child thinks there is someone else in the room.
d. It is a sign of abnormal development.

Answer 16

b. It aids cognition and self-reflection

Question 17

By age 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of 500 words; by age 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words.

a. 40,000
b. 5,000
c. 10,000
d. 2,000

Answer 17

c. 10,000

Question 18

A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. This assistance will only be effective if the _____.

a. assistance is offered in a warm and gentle manner
b. child is at least 6 years old
c. skill is within the child’s zone of proximal development
d. child is in the period of preoperations

Answer 18

c. skill is within the child’s zone of proximal development

Question 19

Overregularization occurs because children _____.

a. have no understanding of past, present, and future verb tenses
b. assume that their language always follows the rules they already know
c. assume that the language is less regular than it actually is
d. tend to regress briefly before progressing to new forms of language

Answer 19

b. assume that their language always follows the rules they already know.

Question 20

Researchers have discovered that _____ helps a child to develop theory of mind months ahead of a child who does not.

a. going to day care
b. learning the alphabet
c. living with older siblings
d. having a religious faith

Answer 20

c. living with older siblings

Question 21

What was Maria Montessori’s objective when she created her preschool?

a. the development of math skills
b. individual achievement
c. creative expression
d. obedience to a teacher

Answer 21

b. individual achievement

Question 22

Overregularization in a child’s speech patterns indicates that _____.

a. the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations
b. logical extension is now possible
c. fast-mapping has occurred
d. the child is entering a sensitive period of language development

Answer 22

a. the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations

Question 23

Evelyn dropped a tiny spot of ketchup on her pants during lunch. Even though her teacher was able to completely remove the spot, Evelyn is crying hysterically and says that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. Her behavior demonstrates the characteristic of preoperational thought known as _____.

a. irreversibility
b. centration
c. conservation
d. egocentrism

Answer 23

a. irreversibility

Question 24

In terms of early-childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then _____.

a. a quality preschool is especially beneficial
b. a child-centered program will be more beneficial than another approach
c. attendance at preschool is detrimental
d. a day care will be more beneficial than a preschool

Answer 24

a. a quality preschool is especially beneficial

Question 25

One of the benefits of being bilingual is _____.

a. reduced plasticity
b. resistance to Alzheimer’s disease in old age
c. the tendency to experience language shift
d. improved hearing

Answer 25

b. resistance to Alzheimer’s disease in old age

Question 26

Knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use with whom constitutes _____.

a. fast-mapping
b. pragmatics
c. grammar
d. overregularization

Answer 26

b. pragmatics