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Biology 385 > Skulls & Jaws Lab > Flashcards

Skulls & Jaws Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Three main components of vertebrate head

A
  1. dermatocranium
  2. splanchnocranium
  3. chondrocranium
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2
Q

dermatocranium

A

dermal elements making up the external, outermost framework of the skull, surrounding the other components and contributing to the jaws, braincase, and teeth

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3
Q

splanchnocranium

A

visceral skeleton

provides support for gill arches and gill arch derivatives

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4
Q

chondrocranium

A

support for sense organs and brain

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5
Q

Which component of the vertebrate head is not always present?

A

Dermatocranium

Components have been lost or fused in more derived animals

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6
Q

Williston’s law

A

trend toward fewer bones

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7
Q

Skull

A

Region enclosing the braincase and extending to the upper jaw

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8
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw

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9
Q

As the number of bones decreases, the number of ____ decrease and the structure becomes _____.

A

suture lines

stronger

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10
Q

The ___ is anterior to the maxilla

A

Premaxilla

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11
Q

Frontal is ____ to the nasal

A

posterior

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12
Q

Why temporal fossae?

A

They give a more secure area for muscle attachment and allow more space for the jaw muscles to expand during contraction

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13
Q

Anapsid

A

No temporal fossae

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14
Q

Examples of anapsid skulls

A

Fish, turtle, tortoise skulls

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15
Q

How does the snapping turtle have a powerful bite without temporal fossae?

A

otic/temporal notch on the dorsal posterior area of the midline is where muscles attach, increasing bite power

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16
Q

Supratemporal fossa

A

upper

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17
Q

Infratemporal fossa

A

lower

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18
Q

Diapsid

A

both the supratemporal and infratemporal fossae

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19
Q

Modified diapsid condition in some birds and lizards

A

the bar between the two temporal fossae is lost, decreasing the weight of the skull

20
Q

Synapsid

A

infratemporal, but supratemporal was lost

21
Q

What extant animals are synapsids?

A

mammals

22
Q

Modified synapsid condition

A

black bears

temporal fossa is continuous with the orbit

23
Q

_____, and some ____, show a decrease in size of the post-orbital bar to accommodate larger jaw muscles (increase bite power).

A

Carnivores

omnivores

24
Q

Saggital crest

A

temporal muscles can attach here, increases bite strength

25
Q

Animals with saggital crests

A

lions, polar bears, wolves

26
Q

Dentary

A

Most reduced form of mandible found in mammals- a single bone makes up each side of the jaw

27
Q

In amphibians and reptiles, the ___in the upper jaw and the ___ in the mandible form the hinge.

A

quadrate

articular

28
Q

In mammals, the hinge is formed between the ____

and _____– it’s much stronger because larger bones are involved.

A

dentary

squamosal

29
Q

the _____ becomes the stapes

A

hyomandibular

30
Q

the _____ becomes the incus

A

quadrate

31
Q

the _____ becomes the malleus

A

articular

32
Q

the ____ becomes the tympanic

A

angular

33
Q

The dentary ____ in size moving from more ancestral to more derived animals.

A

increases

34
Q

nocturnal animals have ___ orbits

A

large

35
Q

Predators have eyes set to the ___ of the skull

A

front

36
Q

Prey have eyes set to the ___ of the skull

A

sides

37
Q

____ are shed in ____, after the mating season.

A

antlers

winter

38
Q

pedicel

A

bony base of the antler, supporting it as it grows

39
Q

___, providing nutrients and blood to developing antlers, cover the antlers as they develop.

A

velvet

40
Q

At the end of growth, the outer edges of antlers become ________ and the middles fill with ____ and ______.

A

compact bone
spongy bone
marrow

41
Q

Decrease in ______ and ______ allow antlers to shed by making the pedicel lose_____.

A

testosterone
pituitary hormones
calcium

42
Q

____ are found on both sexes, ____ are found only on males

A

horns

antlers

43
Q

____ never branch and don’t shed.

A

horns

44
Q

Horns have a bony core covered by a ___ cone attached by ___ ____.

A

keratin

connective tissue

45
Q

The exceptional pronghorn.

A
  • horns are a cross between antlers and horns
  • horns shed yearly like antlers
  • sheath is made of keratin like horns
  • branch like antlers
46
Q

occipital condyle

A

rounded projection at the back of the skull that articulates with the first vertebra

Biology 385 (10 decks)

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