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PT Science > Exam 3: Patient Skills > Flashcards

Exam 3: Patient Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general cycle of infection

A

Pathogen -> Reservoir -> exit portal -> means of transmission -> entry portal -> susceptible host -> continuous cycle back to pathogen

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2
Q

In the cycle of infection, what are the types of infectious agents

A

bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

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3
Q

In the cycle of infection, what are the types of reservoirs

A

Humans, animals, insects, formites, blood/body fluids

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4
Q

In the cycle of infection, what are the different portals of exit

A

Nose, mouth, mucous membranes, specimen collection

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5
Q

How should we “break the link” in formites reservoir

A

disinfect and hand hygiene

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6
Q

How should we “break the link” in the portals of exit

A

Hand hygiene, standard precautions, sealed waste products and specimen containers

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7
Q

In the cycle of infection, what are the different means of transmission

A

droplet, airborne, contact, vector, vehicle

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8
Q

How should we “break the link” in means of transmission

A

hand hygiene, standard precautions, PPE, patient, isolation

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9
Q

In the cycle of infection, what are the different types of portal of entry

A

nose, mouth, mucous membranes, skin, unsterile equipment

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10
Q

How should we “break the link” in the different portals of entry

A

hand hygiene, standard precautions, PPE, and sterile equipment

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11
Q

In the cycle of infection, what are the different types of susceptible hosts

A

patients, elderly, newborns, immunocompromised, healthcare workers

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12
Q

How should we “break the link” in the different types of susceptible hosts

A

immunizations, patient isolation, nursery precautions, and healthy lifestyle

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13
Q

What term can be defined as bacteria and viruses that are the most frequently encountered by U.S. healthcare workers

A

infectious agents

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14
Q

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions are considered types of _____ _____

A

infectious agents

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15
Q

What does MDROs stand for

A

multi-drug resistant organism

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16
Q

True or False:

MDROs are not a factor in developing infections

A

false

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17
Q

What are MDROs?

A

organisms, typically bacteria, that have developed resistance to one or more antibiotic

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18
Q

What is an example of an MDRO

A

methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA)

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19
Q

_____ and ____ are the most common pathogen sources in the US healthcare settings

A

people and objects

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20
Q

Give some examples of human pathogen reservoirs

A

healthcare personnel, patients, family members, visitors

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21
Q

True or False

a pathogen reservoir may not show signs of disease but may be a carrier or the disease may be in its incubation period

A

true

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22
Q

Give some examples of object pathogen reservoirs

A

Handshakes, door handles, skin, clothing, hair, jewelry, artificial/own nails

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23
Q

What is a reservoir visitor

A

a potential source of pathogens

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24
Q

Visitors with droplet contamination must wear a ___ and restrict activity ______ the room

A

mask, outside

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25
Q

____ direct patient contact if you, the healthcare personnel, has a respiratory infection. If direct contact with patients cannot be avoided, wear a _____

A

avoid, mask

26
Q

What are examples of portals of exit

A

Bodily secretions, bodily excretions, openings in the skin

27
Q

Infection can happen through means of transmission via contact. What are the two types of contact

A

direct and indirect

28
Q

(Direct/indirect) contact is person to person transfer of pathogens

A

direct

29
Q

(Direct/indirect) contact is person to object to person transfer of pathogens

A

Indirect

30
Q

Direct contact with a patient’s blood can allow _____ pathogens to enter the clinicians system through even a small opening in the skin

A

bloodborne

31
Q

(direct/indirect) contact involves an intermediate step

A

indirect

32
Q

clinical attire can provide ___ contact transmission

A

indirect

33
Q

In regards of means of transmission and clinical attire, pay special attention to ___ ____ and long ____

A

lab coats; neckties

34
Q

What term describes a large pathogenic particle coming in contact with the host’s conjunctivae or mucous membranes

A

droplet

35
Q

Droplets are often generated by coughing, talking, or ______ by certain medical procedures such as suctioning

A

sneezing

36
Q

Most droplets travel a maximum of ____ feet

A

three

37
Q

True or False:

Because of size, droplets remain suspended in the air

A

false, they do not

38
Q

What term describes small pathogenic particles that remain suspended in the air for longer periods of time and are inhaled by or deposited on the host

A

airborne

39
Q

True or False:

Airborne particles remain suspended in the air

A

true

40
Q

What are the most common portals of entry

A

mucous membranes that are more permeable and openings in the skin

41
Q

Openings in the skin is one of the most common portals of entry. Give examples of different openings in the skin

A

cuts, incisions, open wounds, torn cuticles, scrapes, and open sores

42
Q

What are four factors that can increase susceptibility of getting an infection

A

existing disease processes
weakened immune system
medical interventions
near the end of life

43
Q

_____ _____ is the attempt to prevent the spread of infection by separating susceptible hosts from sources of pathogens

A

isolation precautions

44
Q

What are the two types of isolation precautions

A

standard precautions and transmission based precautions

45
Q

_____ precautions assume that open skin, mucous membranes, and all body fluids expect sweat are potential sources of infection

A

standard

46
Q

True or False:

Standard precautions states that sweat is not a potential source of infection

A

true

47
Q

_________ precautions are based on the mode of transmission of known or suspected pathogens

A

transmisison-based

48
Q

What are the types of standard precautions

A

hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers (PPE), sharps disposal

49
Q

Standard precautions of infection includes hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, barriers, and sharps disposal. What are examples of different barriers

A

PPE: gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, CPR mouthpiece

50
Q

Standard precautions apply to the care of ____ patients in ____ healthcare settings

A

all; all

51
Q

Sanitizer/Hand rub and antimicrobial soap and water are types of ___ ____ of standard precautions

A

hand hygiene

52
Q

Which type of hand hygiene is preferred in most clinical situations

A

sanitizer or hand rub

53
Q

To properly use sanitizer or hand rub, remove ____ and cover all surfaces of hands. Rub dry ___ seconds. Do NOT rinse

A

jewelry; 15

54
Q

When should antimicrobial soap and water be used as a hand hygiene stand precuation

A

when hands are visibly dirty, with enteric infections such as C. diff, or after multiple applications of sanitizer or hand rub

55
Q

To properly use antimicrobial soap and water, wash ___ - ___ seconds ( ___ seconds after contact with known infectious material) using soap and warm water.

A

15-60; 60

56
Q

When washing hands with antimicrobial soap and water, should you use cold or warm water

A

warm

57
Q

Cough etiquette relates to what type of hygiene

A

respiratory

58
Q

In most patient care activities, PPE includes what 4 things?

A

gloves, gowns, face masks, eye coverings

59
Q

Any instrument capable of puncturing the skin must be discarded in a ____ container

A

sharps

60
Q

In regards to airborne precautions and standard precautions, patients must be placed in a (positive/negative) air flow room, and door must remain (open/closed)

A

negative; closed

PT Science (10 decks)

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