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A Level Biology > Mass Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why do large multi cellular organisms need transport systems to carry substances between exchange substances

A

Most cells to far away from exchange surfaces or each bother for Diffusion alone to maintain composition of tissue fluid within suitable metabolic range

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2
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system

A

Transports raw materials from specialised exchange organs to body cells

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3
Q

Describe the 2 circuits the closed double circulatory system is made of

A

1 takes blood from heart to the lungs

Other loop takes blood around the rest of the body

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4
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

Deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart is pumped to lungs

Oxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart

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5
Q

What is systematic circulation

A

Oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart is pumped to tissues and organs in the body

Deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart

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6
Q

Why is pulmonary and systematic circulation important for mammals

A

Prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Blood pumped to the body is fully saturated with oxygen

Efficient delivery of oxygen anf glucose for respiration
Blood pumped at higher pressure

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7
Q

What do coronary arteries do

A

Deliver oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle

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8
Q

What blood vessels enter and leave the heart

A

Aorta, vena cava and pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

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9
Q

What is the function of the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart ?
(Aorta, vena cava and pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein

A

Aorta - takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body (respiring tissues)

Vena cava - takes deoxygenated blood from respiring tissues to the heart

Pulmonary artery - takes deoxygenated from the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary vein- takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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10
Q

What are blood vessels that enter and leave the kidney

A

Renal arteries and veins

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11
Q

What is the function of the renal veins and arteries

A

Renal vein - takes deoxygenated blood to the vena cava from the kidney
Renal arteries- takes oxygenated to the kidneys

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12
Q

What does the cardiac muscle contain a lot of ?

A

Large numbers of mitochondria and myoglobin

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13
Q

Describe the gross structure of the heart

A

The aorta is right at the top and is mostly to the right of the picture - attached to left ventricle

Pulmonary artery is the one in the middle that loops in aorta and comes of to the right - attached to right ventricle

Pulmonary vein is on the right side of the picture below pulmonary artery

The vena cava comes out on the left side of picture next to aorta
Right atrium - top left side
Right ventricle - bottom left side 
Left atrium - top right side 
Left ventricle - bottom right side
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14
Q

Describe where the valves are in the heart

A

The atrioventricular vale is the valve between the right ventricle and right atrium and same for the left side of heart

Semilunar valves are in the pulmonary artery and aorta

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15
Q

Describe how blood flows into heart

A

Right atrium -> AV valve -> right ventricle -> semilunar valve into pulmonary artery and away from the heart

Blood taken to lungs where it is oxygenated and is returned to the heart through the pulmonary vein

Enters in left atrium and passes through AV valve into left ventricle
Blood passes into semi lunar valve into aorta which takes blood into aorta and the whole body

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16
Q

What do the av and semi lunar valves do

A

Atrioventricular- prevent back flow of blood from ventricles to atria when ventricles contract

Semi lunar valves - prevent back flow of blood from arteries to ventricles and back into heart when ventricles contract
Link ventricle to pulmonary artery and aorta

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17
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscular wall

A

Generates higher blood pressure

For oxygenated blood to travel greater distance all around the body

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18
Q

Why does the right side of the heart have a thinner wall ?

A

Generates lower pressure

For deoxygenated blood to travel a small distance to the lungs where high blood pressure would damage the alveoli

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19
Q

What is the function of a vein

A

Take blood back to heart under low pressure

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20
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

Large lumen (wider than arteries)
Very little elastic or muscle tissue
Thin walls - carry blood away from tissues as pressure of blood is low (wont burst)

Valves - prevent back flow of blood

Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding veins, squeezes
Maintaining blood flow

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21
Q

What is the function of the arteries

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the arteries

A

Thick smooth muscle layer-
Can contract pushing blood along
Can control blood flow

Thick elastic tissue layer
Stretches as ventricle contracts under high pressure and recoils when ventricle relaxes at low pressure
Smooth pressure surges and maintained high pressure

Thick wall
Withstand high pressure and prevents artery bursting

Smooth endothelium
Narrow lumen - increases and maintain high blood pressure

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23
Q

Arteries divide into smaller vessels called

A

Arterioles

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24
Q

What is the function of arterioles

A

Control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

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25
Q

Describe how arterioles control blood flow

A

They have thicker muscle layer than arteries
This muscle can contract and restrict blood flow to capillaries by narrowing lumen

Or

Dilate to increase blood flow to capillaries by enlarging lumen

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26
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

Exchange substances between blood and body tissues

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27
Q

What are 4 adaptations of capillaries for efficient exchanging of substances

A 
Thin walls (one cell thick of endothelial cells)
Short diffusion pathway -> rapid diffusion

Large number of branched capillaries -> increases surface area to vol ratio

Narrow lumen -> rbc squeezed flat against capillary -> reduces diffusion distance

Capillaries are found near cells -> short diffusion pathway
Pores in walls -> substances can escape

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28
Q

Why do capillaries have gaps between lining (pores) of endothelial cells ?

A

They acts as sieve controlling which molecules can leave the capillaries
Allows white blood cells to escape

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29
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

The fluid that surrounds cells . It proved a constant environment in which cells live

30
Q

What is tissue fluid made of

A

Water, oxygen. Glucose , amino acids -> respiring cells

Small molecules that can leave blood plasma

31
Q

Why doesn’t tissue fluid contain red blood cells or big proteins

A

They’re too large to be pushed out through capillary wall

32
Q

What do cells do with tissue fluid

A

They take in oxygen and nutrients whilst releasing metabolic waste

33
Q

Describe the formation of tissue fluid at the arterioles end of capillaries

A

At the arterial end due to the contraction of the left ventricle there is higher hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries rather than tissue fluid.
Hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure

This pressure forces fluid and water out of capillaries into spaces around the cells by ultra filtration

However large proteins remain because they’re to large to leave capillary
This lowers the water potential

34
Q

Describe the return of tissue fluid to the circulatory system towards venue end of capillaries

A

As fluid leaves capillary the hydrostatic pressure is lower in the capillary than blood
Osmotic pressure>hydrostatic pressure

Due to increasing conc of proteins that are too large to leave capillaries
Water potential of capillary lowered
Water re enters capillary from the tissue fluid by osmosis down water potential gradient.

35
Q

Water potential at venue end of capillary is more negative than arterioles end why ?

A

Water has left capillaries
But proteins in blood are too large to leave
Increasing conc of blood proteins means more negative water potential

36
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid

A

It is drained into lymphatic system

37
Q

What is swelling ?

A

Excess tissue fluid

38
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid after it drains into lymphatic system

A

Forms lymph which is colourless or pale yellow fluid that is like tissue fluid but has more lipids

39
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A

Network of tubes that act as a drain and has a dead end

40
Q

Why does lymphatic system have dead end

A

So pressure on them can only produce movement in one direction

41
Q

What does the lymphatic system do with the excess fluid

A

Transports it and returns it back into circulatory system by draining contents into blood stream via 2 ducts that join veins close to the heart

42
Q

How is contents of lymphatic ssytem moved ?

A

Hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid

Contraction of body muscles that squeeze lymph vessels

43
Q

Why can a low protein diet lead to accumulation of tissue fluid

A

Low conc of protein
Osmotic imbalance
Water potential in capillary not lowered so water potential gradient is reduced

More tissue fluid formed at arterioles end
No water absorbed into blood capillary by osmosis

44
Q

Why can high blood pressure lead to accumulation of tissue fluid

A

Blood vessels open wider
High bp = high hydrostatic pressure
Increases outward pressure from arterial end
More fluid forced out
More tissue fluid formed
Less return of fluid
Lymphatic system not able to drain away all excess fluid

45
Q

What does the heart consist of 2 —— ——-

A

muscular pumps

46
Q

Name and explain an adaption of the ventricles

A

Thicker walls than Atria

Have to push blood out of heart but atria only have to push blood into ventricles

47
Q

What does opening and closing the valves depend on ?

A

The relative pressure of the heart

48
Q

When are valves forced open

A

When there is higher pressure behind the valve

49
Q

When are the valves forced shut

A

When there is higher pressure in front of the valve

50
Q

What are the 3 stages in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Diastole
51
Q

Describe atrial systole

A 
Atria contracts 
Decreasing the volume inside atria 
Pressure inside atria is higher than pressure inside ventricles 
Atrioventricular valves are forced open 
Blood is forced into the ventricles
52
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A 
Atria relax 
Ventricles contract 
Volume inside ventricles decreases 
Increasing pressure inside ventricles 
AV valves shut 
Semi lunar valves open 
Because Pressure inside ventricles is higher than pressure inside atria 
Blood is pushed out the heart through arteries
53
Q

Describe diastole

A

Atria and ventricles relax
Increasing volume and decreasing pressure in both chambers

Due to decreasing pressure, pressure is higher in Pulmonary artery and aorta than pressure inside ventricles
Semi lunar valves shut

Blood from vein fills atria
This increases pressure in atria slightly than ventricles
Pressure inside atria is higher than reassure inside ventricles
So AV valves open
Blood flows passively to ventricles from atria

54
Q

Look at graph

At what point is blood flowing in the aorta and why

A

At point A
This is ventricular systole
Pressure inside ventricle is higher than pressure inside atria
Shuts AV valve and opens semi lunar valve
Blood forced in aorta

55
Q

Look at graph why is ventricular volume decreasing on second part of the graph ?

A

In ventricular systole the ventricles are contracting and pressure is increasing
Therefore volume inside the ventricles is decreasing

56
Q

Look at graph at point c, why are the semi lunar valves shut

A
  • Ventricles are relaxing
  • Pressure is higher in pulmonary than aorta
  • Forces semilunar valves shut
57
Q

State equation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate

58
Q

What do cardiac output, stroke volume and heart mean in equation

A

Cardiac output- amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Stroke volume - volume of blood pumped out. By the heart per minute

Heart rate - number of beats per minute

59
Q

How do you find the heart rate from cardiac cycle

A 
One beat = 1 cardiac cycle 
Find the length of 1 cardiac cycle 
Human average is 0.83 secs
Then find the heart rate in beats per minute 
60 secs / length of 1 cardiac cycle
60
Q

When to know certain valves are closed from cardiac cycle data

A

Semi lunar open - pressure in ventricle higher than aorta / pulmonary artery

Semi lunar closed - pressure in aorta or pulmonary artery is higher than in ventricle

Av open
When pressure in atrium is higher than in ventricles

Av closed
When pressure in ventricle exceeds than atrium

61
Q

How can atheroma result in heart attack

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries
Restricts blood flow to heart muscle
Heart anaerobically respires , less atp, not enough energy to contract
Lactate produced which damages heart tissue

62
Q

What are the risk factors for heart disease

A 
Age 
High salt diet 
Saturated salt 
Stressful lifestyle 
Smoking cigarettes 
High blood pressure - causes damage to endothelium of artery
63
Q

What to mention in data interpretation questions ?

A

Describe overall trend
Positive, negative correlation
Describe most obvious trend

Manipulate data to support statement
Find change between two points or percentage change

64
Q

How should you mention conflicting evidence

A 
Small sample size 
Take in account other risk factors 
Used similar groups 
Way in which information is collected 
Different environmental or lifestyle differences 
Correlation does not imply causation
65
Q

On ecg the big jump represents what

A

Ventricular systole

66
Q

On ecg the medium jump (curve) in the line represents what

A

Diastole

67
Q

Name two substances which are at higher conc in the blood at the arterioles end of capillary than venule

A

Glucose and oxygen

68
Q

Explain how fluid may be returned to the blood

A

Lymph vessels return fluid to the blood
Reabsorption by osmosis
Proteins are retained in blood capillary

69
Q

Why does tissue fluid accumulate in the ankles

A

Gravity

Fewer lymph vessels in this area

70
Q

Why do veins having large lumen help blood flow and being thin at low blood pressure

A

Can be compressed - thin

Less resistance to flow

71
Q

What is function of eleastic fibres and smooth muscle in arteries

A

Allow walls to stretch and recoil
Smooth muscle - regulates the diameter of lumen and
Vascularconstriction

A Level Biology (16 decks)

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