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Metabolic Endocrinology > Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

CRH is stimulated by…

A

Decreased plasma cortisol, hypoglycemia pyrogen and stress

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2
Q

CRH comes from…

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

CRH is suppressed by…

A

Increased plasma glucocorticoid level

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4
Q

ACTH comes from…

A

Anterior pituitary

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5
Q

AVP has a ___ on the anterior pituitary

A

Stimulatory

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6
Q

Cortisol has an ___ on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

Inhibitory

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7
Q

Zona glomerulosa secretes…

A

Aldosterone

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8
Q

Zona fasciculata secretes…

A

Cortisol and corticosterone

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9
Q

Zona reticularis secretes…

A

Sex steroids

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10
Q

The adrenal medullar secretes…

A

Catecholamines (epi & norepinephrine)

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11
Q

What is the first step common to the formation of all steroids

A

The formations of pregnenolone to cholesterol

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12
Q

Where does steroidogenesis take place

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

The uptake of cholesterol is….

A

A rate limiting step

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14
Q

What is StAR and what does it do

A

It is a cAMP inducible gene and it increases in response to tropic hormones

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15
Q

What is responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone from cholesterol in the mitochondria

A

P450scc

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16
Q

Steroidgeneic enzymes depend on…

A

Electron transfer proteins

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17
Q

Mitochondrial electron transporters

A

ADR and ADx

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18
Q

Microsomal electron transporters

A

POR or B5

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19
Q

What is the main source of cholesterol to make steroid hormones

A

Circulating LDL

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20
Q

What determines steroid production

A

Zone specific expression of enzymes

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21
Q

How do most steroid differ

A

Hydroxyl groups (minor modifications)

22
Q

What effect does cortisol have on metabolism

A

Increased: gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis, lipolysis

23
Q

What effect does cortisol have on the cardiovasculuar system

A

Increased: myocardial contractility, cardiac output and catecholamine pressor effect

24
Q

What transports circulating cortisol

A

Corticosteroid binding globulin

25
Q

What happens to cortisol since it isn’t stored

A

Converted to inactive cortisone and other metabolites by the liver

26
Q

What is the function of CBG

A

Protects cortisol from inactivation by the liver

27
Q

Glucocorticoid receptor beta inhibits…

A

Glucocorticoid receptor alpha

28
Q

Cortisol has an __ in the liver

A

Anabolic

29
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome

A

An overproduction of cortisol

30
Q

What is Addison disease

A

Adrenal hypofunction

31
Q

What is the main function of aldosterone

A

Recovery of Na in the kidney and enhance K secretion into the urine to balance charge difference (also water retention and dilation of arterioles)

32
Q

The diameter of ___ is a major determinant of the blood pressure in arteries

A

Arterioles

33
Q

What increases sodium appetite

A

Aldosterone, angiotensin II, decreased sodium in brain

34
Q

What decreases sodium appetite

A

Circulating & CNS peptide hormones, post-ingestive signals from gut, increased in NA blood plasma

35
Q

Where is angiotensin converted to angiotension I

A

Afferent arterioles in kidneys by renin

36
Q

Where is angiotension I converted to angiotension II

A

Endothelial cells of the lungs by ACE

37
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates…

A

Aldosterone secretion

38
Q

Where does aldosterone mainly act

A

Distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidney

39
Q

What is the net effect of aldosterone

A

Rise in plasma volume and blood pressure

40
Q

Conn’s disease

A

Hypersecretion of aldosterone, increased water retention

41
Q

Natriuretic peptides

A

Peptides that increase the excretion of water and Na

42
Q

Where are natriuretic peptides produced and stored

A

Heart muscle; granules

43
Q

What is the function of natriuretic peptides

A

Increases glomerular filtration and reduces blood volume and pressure

44
Q

Adrenal cortex contributes to the production of…

A

DHEAS and androstenedione

45
Q

Most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia involves deficiency of…

A

CYP21A2

46
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in reduced ___ and increased ___

A

Cortisol and aldosterone; androgen production

47
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

48
Q

What stimulates the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine

A

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), stimulated by cortsiol

49
Q

What inactivates epinephrine and norepinephrine and to what

A

MAO and COMT, to VMA, which is excreted in the urine

50
Q

What are enkephalins

A

Other hormones secreted by adrenal medulla, block neurotransmitters, like morphine

51
Q

What receptors bind epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Alpha and beta1,2 adrenegic receptors

52
Q

If cortisol levels are suppressed…

A

It results in epinephrine deficiency

Metabolic Endocrinology (6 decks)

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