Reproduction

Question 1

Internal ducts: male

Answer 1

Wolffian

Question 2

Internal ducts: female

Answer 2

Mullerian

Question 3

Sequential process of sexual differentiation

Answer 3

Establishment of genetic sex, translation into gonadal sex, translation into phenotypic sex

Question 4

What is the common primordium for external genitalia

Answer 4

Urogenital sinus

Question 5

What signals regression of mullerian duct

Answer 5

Antimullerian hormone

Question 6

What signals regression of wolffian duct

Answer 6

NR2F2 (orphan nuclear receptor)

Question 7

Sex chromosome aneuploidy

Answer 7

Nondisjunction of sister chromatids during meiosis

Question 8

Sex chromosome mosaicism

Answer 8

Nondisjunction of sister chromatids in zygote

Question 9

PAR

Answer 9

Pseudoautosomal region (on both X and Y)

Question 10

MSY

Answer 10

Male specific region of Y

Question 11

SRY

Answer 11

Sex determining region of Y

Question 12

23/24 mutations causing XY females lie in…

Answer 12

The HMG box of the SRY gene

Question 13

What causes XY females or XX males

Answer 13

Mutations in the SRY gene of the Y chromosome

Question 14

Primordial germ cells differentiate in…

Answer 14

Allantoic ectoderm

Question 15

What is leydig cell hypoplasia

Answer 15

A defect in testosterone action, i.e, an androgen insensitivity syndorme

Question 16

What can lead to CAH

Answer 16

Adrenal gland producing excessive testosterone, causing masculinization of female genitalia

Question 17

The “indifferent” brain is “masculinized” by…

Answer 17

Gonadal steroids

Question 18

What does estradiol produced by the fetus bind to

Answer 18

Alpha-fetoprotein

Question 19

LH stimulates what intracellular pathway in thecal/leydig cells

Answer 19

Adenyl cyclase or PLC

Question 20

FSH stimulates what intracellular pathway in granulosa/sertoli cells

Answer 20

Adenyl cyclase

Question 21

What are secreted androgens bound to

Answer 21

Albumin and sex-hormone binding globulin

Question 22

What is a primordial follicle

Answer 22

An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

Question 23

E2 has a positive feedback effect on…

Answer 23

Surge center (GnRH)

Question 24

E2 has a negative feedback effect on…

Answer 24

Anterior pituitary

Question 25

What does collagenase do

Answer 25

Weakens the basement membrane separating the theca cells from the granulosa cells

Question 26

The basement membrane of the preovulatory follicle forms what?

Answer 26

The connective tissue structure of the corpus luteum

Question 27

What does the corpus luteum secrete

Answer 27

Progesterone

Question 28

Progesterone has an inhibitory effect on…

Answer 28

Hypothalamus and pituitary’s

Question 29

Progesterone has a stimulatory effect on…

Answer 29

Alveolus and uterine tissue

Question 30

What destroys the corpus luteum

Answer 30

Prostaglandin from the ovarian arteries (causes vasoconstriction of endometrial arterioles)

Question 31

Fertilization of the ovum occurs in…

Answer 31

The oviduct

Question 32

What serves as an indicator of pregnancy

Answer 32

hCG secreted by the placenta (maintains corpus luteum)

Question 33

What are some enzymes necessary for milk production

Answer 33

Glucocorticoids, prolactin and placental lactogen

Question 34

High concentrations of ___ and ___ prevent milk production

Answer 34

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 35

After parturition, ___ and ___ levels fall, but ___ stays high

Answer 35

Estrogen & progesterone; prolactin