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Revision > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Iodine deficeincy

A

Most common cause of hypothyroidism globally and suspect in cases where iodine is not added to diet.

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2
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Triad of sweating, headaches and palpitations. investigate with urinary metanephrines

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3
Q

Nephrogenic DI

A

Urine osmolality low after fluid deprivation and desmopressin

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4
Q

Prolactinomas

A

First line treatment with dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine)

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5
Q

Prednisolone

A

Steroids increase the risk of osteonecrosis

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6
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Symptoms include hypertension, headaches, muscle weakness and nocturia. Investigated with aldosterone/renin ratio

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7
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Causes high LH and low testosterone

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8
Q

Wilm’s tumour and neuroblastoma

A

Refer any child with a palpable abdominal mass or unexplained enlarged organ very urgently to specialist

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9
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid adenoma may have normal PTH level

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10
Q

SGT2 inhibitors

A

Increased risk of urinary tract infection

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11
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Often cause weight gain

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12
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

A

Used first line in all black T2DM patients with hypertension

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13
Q

Diabetes blood pressure

A

Aim for 135/85 home readings

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14
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Can cause galactorrhoea

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15
Q

Adrenal venous sampling

A

After inconclusive CT AVS can be used to determine between unilateral adenoma and bilateral hyperplasia in primary hyperaldosteronism

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16
Q

Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia

A

Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

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17
Q

Pregabalin

A

Used in neuropathic pain with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia

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18
Q

Adrenal insufficiency

A

Can occur on surgery after long term steroid use and needs IV hydrocortisone 100mg

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19
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Hyperglycaemia and ketones, man aged with immediate IV fluids then insulin infusion and potassium

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20
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Can induce neutrophilia

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21
Q

Smoking

A

Risk factor for Grave’s disease

22
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypokalaemia and metabolic acidosis seen

23
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Can cause hypoglycaemia

24
Q

Addison’s disease management

A

Prescribed hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone

25
Q

MODY

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern

26
Q

Pretibial myzoedema

A

Specific feature of Grave’s disease

27
Q

Spironolactone

A

Can cause gynaecomastia

28
Q

Goserelin

A

A GnRH agonist used in the management of prostate cancer

-can cause gynaecomastia

29
Q

DKA

A

Stop short acting insulin but continue fixed rate long acting insulin

30
Q

Addison’s crisis

A
  • hyponatraemia
  • hyperkalaemia
  • hypoglycaemia
31
Q

Thyrotoxic storm

A

Consider in patients with Grave disease and infection

-give corticosteroids, PTU and propranolol

32
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Low dose dexamethasone does not cause suppression but high dose does

33
Q

Addison’s disease

A
  • tiredness

- hyperpigmentation

34
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Needs to be increased in pregnancy by about 50% from 4-6 weeks

35
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Can cause galactorrhoea

36
Q

Diabetes type 2

A

Requires two abnormal HbA1c readings if asymptomatic

37
Q

Acromegaly

A

Trans-sphenoidal surgery

38
Q

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

A
  • late presenting and aggressive
  • pressure symptoms including dysphagia
  • hoarseness
39
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Propranolol should be given to help control symptoms

40
Q

Insulinoma

A

Whipple’s triad of hypoglycaemia with fasting or exercise, reversal of symptoms with glucose and low BMs

41
Q

DKA insulin

A

Give fixed rate intravenous insulin infusion at 0.1units/kg/hour

42
Q

HbA1c

A

Target 48 mmol/mol for type two diabetes

43
Q

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood

A

Slow autoimmune destruction of the islets

44
Q

Levothyroxine

A

Iron and calcium carbonate tablets can reduce absorption of levothyroxine

45
Q

Bromocriptine

A

Treatment for galactorrhoea

46
Q

Myxoedema comas

A
  • confusion
  • hypothermia
  • hyponatraemia
  • hypercarbia
47
Q

Empagliflozin

A

SGLT-2 inhibitor

48
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

The most common cause is bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia

  • high bp
  • muscle weakness
  • low K
  • high aldosterone to renin ratio
49
Q

Sick euthyroid syndrome

A
  • occurs post infection

- TSH low and free T4 low

50
Q

Subacute thyroiditis

A
  • low TSH
  • very high free T4
  • tender goitre
  • raised ESR
  • globally reduced iodine uptake

Revision (18 decks)

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