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Biology GCSE > Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

Tiny building blocks

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2
Q

What are tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a function

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3
Q

What are organs

A

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a function

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4
Q

What is an organ system

A

Groups of organs that work together to Perform a function

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5
Q

What is the correct level of organisation

A

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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6
Q

What’s are organelles

A

Tiny structures within cells e.g nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes

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7
Q

What is respiration

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose

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8
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration is what happens when there is plenty of oxygen available.

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9
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen goes to carbon dioxide and water

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10
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

When respiration doesn’t use oxygen at all

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11
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose + lactic acid

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12
Q

How do alveoli carry gas exchange in the body

A

Lungs contain alveoli, where gas exchange happens.
The blood passing next to the alveoli has come from the lungs and contains lots of co2.
Oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli and into the blood.
When the blood reaches the cells, oxygen is released from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells.
At the same time, co2 diffuses out of the body cels back into the blood where it is then carried back to the lungs.

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13
Q

How are alveoli specialised for gas exchange

A

Large surface area - because many small alveoli are grouped together
Short diffusion path because they’re only one cell thick
There is a rich blood supply so the concentration gradient for diffusion increases.

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14
Q

What are the four main components of the blood

A

Plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

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15
Q

What is the function of plasma

A

Plasma carries everything that needs transporting around your body, e.g red and white blood cells and platelets, glucose, amino acids, co2, urea, hormones and heat energy

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16
Q

What are the function of platelets

A

They plug/clog the damaged area, known as blood clotting. It stops you losing too much blood and prevents microorganisms from entering a wound. Platelets are held together by protein called fibrin.

17
Q

What is the function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

18
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to its function

A

Small and biconcave to give a large surface area for observing and releasing oxygen. No nucleus to save space for haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen.

19
Q

What is the function of white blood cells

A

The most important part of the immune system, they protect from bacteria and viruses.

20
Q

What are the three different types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

21
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

To carry blood away from the heart

They carry blood at high pressures

22
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

They are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

23
Q

What are the function of veins

A

These carry the blood to the heart at low pressures

24
Q

What are the features of arteries

A

The walls are strong and elastic to carry blood at high pressure
Elastic fibres allow the arteries to expand.
The walls are thick and contains thick muscle to make them strong

25
Q

What are the features of capillaries and their job

A

They are one cell thick to increase the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it happens and very tiny. They carry blood really closely to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them. They have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out. They supply food and oxygen and take away waste like co2.

26
Q

What are the functions of veins.

A

Walls are less thick because blood flows at lower pressure. They have a bigger lumen to help the blood flow. They have vales to keep blood flowing in the right direction.

27
Q

What do valves do

A

They keep the blood flowing in the right direction because they stop the back flow of blood

28
Q

What is the cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac output v stroke volume (amount of blood) x heart rate

29
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells

A

Phagocytes and b lymphocytes

30
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Trap and engulf bacteria and digest it

31
Q

What do b lymphocytes do

A

Release antibodies into blood cells, clump together and surround bacteria, cause holes and cell lysis

32
Q

what is the structure of the heart

A

right side: pulmonay artery, vena cava, right atrium, semi-lunar valve, tricuspid valve, right ventricle

left side: aorta, left atrium, pulmanory vein, semi -lunar valve, bicuspid vlave, left ventricle

33
Q

how does the heart function

A
  1. the right atrium recieves deoxygenated blood from the body, through the vena cava.
  2. the deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs
  3. the left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs, through the pulmanory artery
  4. the oxygenated blood moves through the left ventricle which pumps it round the whole body via the aorta
34
Q

what is the features of the left ventricle

A

it has a thicker wall than the right ventricle, it need more muscle because it has to pump blood around the whole body and it is under higher pressure than the right ventricle.

35
Q

how does exercise increase the heart rate

A

excersie increases the amount of co2 in the blood, high levels of co2 are detected by receptors in the aorta and cartoid,
the receptors send signals to the brain
the brain sends signals to the heart causing it to contract more frequently with more force

Biology GCSE (35 decks)

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