:) Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What are the three general approaches to understanding psychological disorders?
A
sociocultural approach, biological approach, and psychological approach.
2
Q
sociological approach
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disorders are the result of the environmental conditions or cultural norms
3
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biological approach
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disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction
4
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psychological approach
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disorders as the result of thinking processes, personality styles, emotions, and conditioning
5
Q
Continuum perspective on abnormality
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seeing disorders as collections of deficits in fundamental neurobiological processes (biological approach)
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Theory
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set of ideas that provide a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and for gathering and interpreting information about that phenomenon.
7
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Therapy
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a treatment, usually based on a theory of a phenomenon, that addresses those factors the theory says cause the phenomenon.
8
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biopsychological approach
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the development of psychological symptoms often results from a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
9
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transdiagnostic risk factors
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factors that increase the risk of developing a wide range of psychopathologies.
10
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diathesis
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risk factor
11
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diathesis-stress model
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when a risk factor and the trigger/stress come together, causing the emergence of a disorder.
12
Q
what are the three causes of abnormality on which biological approaches often focus?
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brain dysfunction, biochemical imbalances and genetic abnormalities
13
Q
cerebral cortex
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involved in most of human advanced thinking processes
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Q
thalamus
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directs incoming information from sense receptors (such as vision and hearing) to the cerebrum
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hypothalamus
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regulates eating, drinking, sexual behavior and is involved in processing basic emotions
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limbic system
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regulate many instinctive behaviors (ex: reactions to stressful events and eating and sexual behavior
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amygdala
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structure of the limbic system & critical in emotions such as fear
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hippocampus
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part of limbic system & plays role in memory
19
Q
what are possible causes of brain dysfunction?
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head injury & diseases that cause brain deterioration (ex: Alzheimer’s)
20
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behavioral genetics
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study of genetics of personality and abnormality. concerned with extent to which behaviors inherited and identifying the processes by which genes affect behavior.
21
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dopamine
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22
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norepinephrine
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epigenetics
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24
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antipsychotic drugs
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antidepressant drugs
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antianxiety drugs
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT
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psychosurgery
neurosurgical treatment of psychiatric disorders
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classical conditioning
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operant conditioning
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modeling
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observational learning
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systematic desensitization therapy
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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humanistic theories
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humanistic therapy
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psychoanalysis
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catharsis
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repression
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ego psychology
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psychodynamic therapies
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interpersonal therapy (IPT)
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client centered therapy (CCT)
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family systems theories
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dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
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mindfulness
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assessment
the process of evaluating psychological, social, and emotional functioning through a variety of clinical methods
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presenting problem
a psychological disorder present in an individual- must determine in order to provide treatment
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what type of information is collected during an assessment?
-current symptoms and current ways of coping with stress
-recent events and physical conditions
-drug and alcohol use
-personal and family history of psychological disorders
-cognitive functioning
-sociocultural background
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syndrome
symptoms that cluster together
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diagnosis
identifies the characteristics of a specific disorder
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content validity for a questionnaire or test
test assesses all important aspects of a phenomenon
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face validity for a questionnaire or test
test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
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concurrent validity for a questionnaire or test
test yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts, or feelings
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construct validity for a questionnaire or test
test measures what it is supposed to measure, not something else
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productive validity for a questionnaire or test
test predicts the behavior it is supposed to measure
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validity
the accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure
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reliability
indicates the consistency of a test in measuring what it is supposed to measure
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test-retest reliability
test produces similar results when given at two points in time
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internal reliability
different parts of the same test produce similar results
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alternate form reliability
two versions of the same test produce similar results
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intertester/interjudge reliability
two or more raters or judges who administer and score a test come to similar conclusions
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clinical interview
face-to-face conversation between a mental health professional and a client where information is gathered about the client's behavior, attitudes, emotions, life history, and personality.
64
mental status exam
used to organize the information collected during the interview and systematically evaluate the client through a series of questions
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what are the steps of a mental status exam?
-clinician assesses client's appearance and behaviors
-clinician takes note of individual's thought processes
-clinician evaluates the individual's mood and affect
-clinician observes the individual's intellectual functioning
-clinician assesses general awareness to their surrounding and their orientation to time, person, and place
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sensorium
awareness of surrounding and orientating to time, person and place
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structured interview
clinicians ask individual a series of standardized questions about symptoms and use concrete criteria to score responses
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unstructured interview
open-ended questions are asked and directed by the clinician based on the client's responses
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semi-structured interview
combine standardized with open-ended questions that allow clinicians to follow up with specific questions in order to gather more personalized information
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symptom questionairres
self-report measure used to quickly determine a person's symptoms
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BDI-ll
one of the most widely used self-report symptom measurements in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression (21 items each with 4 levels rated on a scale from 0-3)
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personality inventories
questionnaires designed to assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
most widely used personality inventory that assessed 1o major characteristics or problems (ex: paranoia, anxiety, social introversion, substance abuse, etc.)
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what is behavioral observation used for?
used to assess deficits in their skills or their ways of handling situations- doesn't rely on individuals reporting and interpretation of their own behaviors
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intelligence tests
used to determine an individual's level of cognitive functioning and consists of a series of tasks that involve both verbal and nonverbal skills
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IQ
Intelligence Quotient- used to describe a method of comparing an individuals' score on an intelligence test with the performance of individuals in the same age group
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neuropsychological tests
used to detect specific cognitive deficits associated with a neurological impairment
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CT scan and its uses?
computerized tomography- enhanced x-ray procedures; can reveal brain injury, tumors, and structural abnormalities
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PET scan and its uses?
positron-emission tomography- can provide a picture activity in the brain by injecting a harmless radioactive isotope; can be used to show differences in the activity level of specific areas of the brain between people with & without a psychological disorder
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SPECT scan and its uses/limitations?
single photon emission computerized tomography- similar to PET scan but different tracer substance is injected; less accurate but less expensive than PET
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MRI scan and its uses?
Magnetic resonance imaging- creates magnetic field around the patient that causes realignment of hydrogen atoms in the brain; can be used to assess CHANGES in brain activity
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psychophysiological tests & EEG
used to detect changes in the brain and nervous system that reflect emotional and psychological changes; electroencephalogram- measures electrical activity along scalp produced by firing of neurons in the brain
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diagnosis
a set of symptoms that tend to occur together
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classification system
a set of syndromes and the rules for determining whether an individual's symptoms are part of these syndromes
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what is the DSM?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- classification system most commonly used in the US
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what does it mean to "reify" a diagnosis?
seeing the diagnosis as real and true rather than as the product of a set of judgements about how symptoms tend to occur together
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comorbidity and why does it often occur?
many ppl who are diagnosed with one disorder also meet the criteria for at least one other disorder- often occurs because certain symptoms show up in the criteria for several different disorders
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What is the disorder specific to Japan in which individuals are extremely afraid that their body displeases, embarrasses, or is offensive to their people?
Taijin kyofusho
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How do we consider culture in therapy according to the multicultural model?
All parts of culture should be considered in the treatment plan.
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What was so notable about the result of Phineas Gage's accident?
He held the same level of intelligence and was able-bodied; however, his personality had changed entirely
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modeling
people learn new behaviors from imitating the behaviors modeled by important people in their lives
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Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments on the salivary glands of dogs. In his experiments, Pavlov paired a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus until the neutral stimulus was able to illicit a response in the dog on its own. This learning process is known as...
Classical Conditioning
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Where is the Wernicke's area located?
left temporal lobe
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What are the four D's?
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
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behavioral contracting
behavioral therapy technique that provides rewards for reaching goals in increments of severity
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Which approach views disorders as not vastly different from normal functioning?
sociocultural approach
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what kind of medication is often prescribed for anxiety disorders?
SSRIs
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transference
A client with parental problems believing the therapist is just like those parents.
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what emotion is the amygdala critical in?
fear
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anxiety
future-oriented apprehension, tension, or sense of dread
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what distinguishes anxiety from fear?
anxiety is future oriented, while fear is an immediate emotional response to danger/perceived threat in the environment
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which part of the brain initiates the body's flight-or-fight response and what two systems are affected in this response?
hypothalamus; autonomic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system
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what are 4 characteristic responses to threat?
somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral
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panic disorder
when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when they are not usually provoked by any particular situation/are unexpected, and when person begins to worry about having them and changes behavior as result of worry
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panic attacks
short, but intense periods during which one experiences symptoms of anxiety (ex: heart palpitations, dizziness, intense dread, etc.)
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what are some biological theories of panic disorder?
fight-or-flight response is poorly regulated, dysregulation of norepinephrine in locus ceruleus (area of brain stem), increased anxiety symptoms premenstrual periods and postpartum
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cognitive theories of panic disorder?
anxiety sensitivity, interoceptive awareness, interoceptive conditioning
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interoceptive conditioning
bodily cues at beginning of attacks have become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks
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interoceptive awareness
heightened awareness of bodily cues
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anxiety sensitivity
belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences
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conditioned avoidance response
association of certain situations with symptoms of panic and may begin o feel them again if they return to the situations
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biological treatment of panic disorder?
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
clients confront the situations/thoughts that arouse anxiety
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separation anxiety disorder
developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached- associated with childhood onset
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biological theories of separation anxiety disorder
behavioral inhibition- children who are shy, fearful, and irritable as toddlers and cautious, quiet, and introverted as school-age children
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treatments for separation anxiety disorder
pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy- recieved the most empirical support
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selective mutism (SM)
the failure to speak in specific social situations- anxiety disorder
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
experience of excessive anxiety about ordinary, everyday situations and is intrusive/causes distress or functional impairment
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social anxiety disorder
anxiety surrounding social situations caused by fear of being rejected, judged, or humiliated and leads individuals to avoid social interactions and situations associated with potential social scrutiny.
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what do twin studies show us about anxiety disorders?
suggest that there is a genetic basis of anxiety disorders
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specific phobias
unreasonable or irrational fears of specific objects or situations
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what are the 5 DSM-5 categories of specific phobias?
animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood injection-injury type, and other
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animal-type phobia
fear of specific animals or insects (e.g., dogs, cats, snakes, etc)
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natural environment type phobias
situations in the natural environment (e.g., storms, heights)
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situational type phobias examples
public transportation, tunnels``, flying, enclosed spaces, etc.
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blood-injection-injury type phobias
people diagnosed with fear of seeing blood or an injury- tends to run in families more than other phobias
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agoraphobia
fear of places where it might be hard to escape or to get help if one becomes anxious; often includes public transportation, open spaces, shops/theaters, crowded places, etc.
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obsessive compulsive disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (rituals)
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obsessions (OCD)
thoughts images, ideas, or urges that are persistent, repetitive, intrusive, unwanted and that usually cause significant anxiety or distress
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compulsions (OCD)
repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform in an effort to reduce anxiety and distress
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hoarding
psychological disorder that involves uncontrollable urges to keep items that have no utility or instrumental value (form of OCD)
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trichotillomania
OCD type disorder characterized by repetitive pulling out of hair
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excoriation
OCD type disorder characterized by picking at one's own skin resulting in skin lesions, scars, and or/ infections that causes disruption in daily function
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body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
an OCD disorder characterized by excessive concern about physical appearance which results in significant distress and the impairment of interpersonal situations
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what is exposure and response prevention and what disorder is it commonly used to treat?
repeated exposures to the focus of client's obsession and prevents compulsive responses to the resulting anxiety; OCD
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD)
psychological and physiological consequences of exposure to traumatic events
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flashbacks (PTSD)
uncontrollable, intense, and repeated episodes that force the individual to relive the traumatic experience
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Acute stress disorder (ASD)
occurs in response to traumatic events but is diagnosed when symptoms arise within 1 moth of exposure to the stressor but last no longer than 4 weeks
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adjustment disorder
consists of emotional/behavioral symptoms that arise within 3 mo of the stressor
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reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
occurs as a result of of severe neglect, abuse, and maltreatment that typically occurs btwn 9 mo-5 yrs causing affected children have difficulty forming emotional attachments to others
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OCD is a multifactorial disorder with (minimal/strong) genetic predispositions
strong
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people prone to panic attacks have (heightened/minimized interoceptive awareness?
heightened (interoceptive awareness: awareness of bodily cues)
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psychopathology
another name for AP- focuses on behaviors that are atypical or unexpected
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cultural relativism
the view that there ar eno universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal; behaviors can be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms
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cultural universality
the view that values, concepts, and behaviors characteristic of diverse cultures ca be viewed, understood, and judges according to universal standards
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cultural relativism vs. cultural universality
normal/abnormal vary from culture to culture v. normal/abnormal is same across cultures
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Szasz's critiques of abnormal psychology
mental health is a myth & created to control and change people
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Rosenhan's critiques of AP
ppl are admitted into hospitals even though they are completely sane
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prevalence
proportion of total pop w/ a disorder in a specific period of time
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lifetime prevalence
proportion of pop who have ever had a disorder
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incidence
rate at which new cases arise over a period of time (ex: COVID-19 rates of new cases)
