A and P : Chemical basis of Life (wk 2)

Question 1

What are the major elements?

Answer 1

C, H, O, N ; Na, Cl, Mg, K, P, S

Question 2

What are Trace elements?

Answer 2

Fe, Cu, I, Zn, Se

Question 3

What elements make up 96% of the body?

Answer 3

CHON

Question 4

What element can interact with enzymes due to its small size?
Hint: It makes stable yet, reactive molecules.

Answer 4

Carbon

Question 5

What element is a component of water and cellular respiration?

Answer 5

Oxygen

Question 6

Hydrogen is a component of water. What does it help with? What does it influence?

Answer 6

Helps with energy transfer and respiration. Influences pH.

Question 7

What element is a component of nucleic acids and proteins?

Answer 7

Nitrogen

Question 8

Which elements are cations? Is it Na, Ca, Mg, K?

Answer 8

all of the above

Question 9

Does Na like to be inside or outside of the cell?

Answer 9

Outside of the cell (extracellular)

Question 10

Does K like to live inside or outside of the cell?

Answer 10

Inside (intracellular)

Question 11

What does S help with?

Answer 11

Energy production

Question 12

What type of bond exchanges electrons? Hint” atoms of this bind are reactive and give each other electrical charges.

Answer 12

Ionic

Question 13

What is the strongest bond?

Answer 13

Covalent

Question 14

What is the weakest bond?

Answer 14

Hydrogen

Question 15

True or False? Atoms that have covalent bonds share 1-3 electrons with each other. The electrons spend time in the outer electron shell of one atom and most of their time in the other atom.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What type of charge does atoms with hydrogen bonds attach to on a molecule?

Answer 16

Negative

Question 17

An element has one type of atom. It is referenced by using a chemical symbol in the periodic table. Give an example of an element.

Answer 17

Mg, H, N, O, C, Cl, Na

Question 18

Molecules have two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds that can be created or broken yo create new chemicals, substances, and bonds. Give an example of a molecule.

Answer 18

H2O ; CO2

Question 19

What is a compound? Hint: difficult to break

Answer 19

Homogenous components that are chemically bonded.

Question 20

What is a mixture?

Answer 20

Either homogenous or heterogenous components that can easily be separated due to filtration, straining, etc.

Question 21

Define Solute. Give an example.

Answer 21

A substance in a mixture that is being dissolved.
Example: salt, sugar

Question 22

Define Solvents. Give an example.

Answer 22

A substance that dissolves a solute in a mixture.
Example: water and alcohol

Question 23

Define Solution. Give an example.

Answer 23

A type of liquid mixture that contains electrolytes.
Ex. IV fluids

Question 24

___ identified as a hydrogen bond. It is a universal solvent and is an ideal transport medium. It also has a high heat vaporization, and acts as a lubricant.

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

What is a colloid? Give an example.

Answer 25

A mixture where small particles are evenly spread throughout another substance. Ex. Blood plasma when blood is spun down in a vial

Question 26

What is a suspension? Give an example.

Answer 26

Things that don't dissolve well and need to be mixed before use. Ex. vaccines, medications, insulin

Question 27

____ are H+. They donate protons and freely release H+ ions in water.

Answer 27

Acids

Question 28

True or False? Bases are alkaline compounds that freely release OH- ions in the water.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What is a pH (power of hydrogen) scale?

Answer 29

A scale that measures acidity and alkalinity of the body. The most acidic is labeled as 1 and the most basic is labeled as 14. 7 is neutral.

Question 30

What pH level does blood need to be at in order to properly handle CO2?

Answer 30

7.4

Question 31

Define Buffers.

Answer 31

a mixture of weak acid and conjugate salt that resists pH change upon the addition of an acid or base.

Question 32

Why are buffers important?

Answer 32

They stabilize solutions once they are added to a body's blood pH to maintain a neutral level. If it isn't maintained, the bodies proteins and enzymes will denaturalize and die.

Question 33

What are the 5 things that influence reaction rate?

Answer 33

1. Reactant concentration 2. the physical state of the reactant 3. surface area 4. temperature 5. the presence of a catalyst

Question 34

______ are proteins that act upon substrates and decrease the activation rate needed for a chemical reaction.

Answer 34

Enzymes

Question 35

What organic molecule is used for energy, energy storage, and cellular structure?

Answer 35

Carbohydrates

Question 36

What is the difference between complex and simple carbohydrates?

Answer 36

Complex Carbohydrates are digested slowly and release glucose into the blood stream more gradually. Simple carbohydrates are digested quickly and spike blood sugar high and fast.

Question 37

What is the most abundant organic polymer in earth that ONLY herbivores can have.

Answer 37

Cellulose

Question 38

What is the primary source of energy that comes from the food we eat?

Answer 38

Glucose

Question 39

What is glycogen?

Answer 39

A source of glucose that is stored in the liver and maintains steady blood glucose. Is stored in skeletal muscles and is used for long-term energy storage.

Question 40

What are lipids used for?

Answer 40

Insulation, cushion, fat soluble vitamins, chemical messenger in form of some hormones

Question 41

What lipid has 3 tails/fatty acids? Hint: It is hydrophobic.

Answer 41

Neutral Fats/oils

Question 42

What lipid has a water soluble head and hydrophobic tails (there are 2)? **Hint: they create a bilayer used to transport water and non-polar molecules through them**

Answer 42

Phospholipids

Question 43

What lipid has 4 interlocking rings with chloesterol as the parent molecule. Hint: used in bile production to aid in fat digestion and absorption.

Answer 43

Steroids

Question 44

Eicosanoids form a 20-carbon fatty acid chain and ring structure. What are its 3 types?

Answer 44

1. Prostaglandins (PGs) 2. Thromboxane 3. WBC

Question 45

What do PGs and WBC mediate?

Answer 45

inflammation

Question 46

What does a thromboxane control?

Answer 46

platelet function

Question 47

What is the different between Saturated and Unsaturated neutral fats?

Answer 47

Saturated fats (i.e. lard) have single bonds with carbon bonds saturated with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fats have double carbon bonds with saturated hydrogen atoms.

Question 48

What is the most abundant organic molecule in the body? Hint: made up of CHON.

Answer 48

Proteins

Question 49

What are the building blocks of protein?

Answer 49

Amino Acids

Question 50

How many amino acids are used by the body? Which group defines the amino acid?

Answer 50

1. 20 amino acids 2. R-group

Question 51

Where do essential fatty acids come from? **Hint: Think of Dr. Villm when he discusses the essential acids that a patient must have**

Answer 51

Our food source!!!

Question 52

What is a peptide?

Answer 52

a chain of 2 or more amino acids linked together.

Question 53

What determines the specific combination, nature, and function that an amino acid will have?

Answer 53

DNA

Question 54

What are the types of peptides in order?

Answer 54

1. peptide 2. Dipeptide 3. Tri-peptide 4. Polypeptide 5. Proteins