A and P Extra Review

Question 1

The chemical level consists of…

Answer 1

atoms make molecules; molecules make larger macromolecules; macromolecules form organelles.

Question 2

The cellular level consists of…

Answer 2

macromolecules and organelles make cells

Question 3

The tissue level consists of…

Answer 3

cells that form tissues

Question 4

The organ level consists of…

Answer 4

2 or more types of tissues forming an organ

Question 5

The organ system level consists of…

Answer 5

different organs coming together to finish a body function

Question 6

The organismal level consists of…

Answer 6

the organ systems coming together to form a human being

Question 7

What characteristics do hydrogen bonds lend to molecules?

Answer 7

1. ) capillary action
2. ) surface tension
3. ) formation of water crystals
4. ) folding of molecules

Question 8

Glycocalyx are…

Answer 8

receptors that guide proteins to specific channels

Question 9

What is the function of cholesterol units?

Answer 9

to hold the two parts of the cell membrane together

Question 10

Describe mitochondria and state its function.

Answer 10

bean-shaped; contains cristae that perform chemical reactions that make energy/ATP

Question 11

What has to be present in order for reactions to occur In the mitochondria?

Answer 11

oxygen

Question 12

State functions and appearance in cell.

- Ribosomes

Answer 12

assemble proteins and are released through the nuclear pores of a nucleus

Question 13

State functions and appearance in cell.

- endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

Answer 13

series of channels near the nucleus
rough er: contains ribosomes; modifies newly made proteins
smooth er: synthesizes cholesterol and lipids; detoxify material

Question 14

State functions and appearance in cell.

- Golgi body

Answer 14

packages proteins for transport; modify molecules by adding carbohydrates

Question 15

State functions and appearance in cell.

- lysosomes

Answer 15

break down debris

Question 16

State functions and appearance in cell.

- microfilaments

Answer 16

long, thin proteins that go from one end of a cell to the other to prevent it from tearing apart

Question 17

State functions and appearance in cell.

- microtubules

Answer 17

hollow tubes used for structure and support

Question 18

State functions and appearance in cell.

- vesicles

Answer 18

transport material to the outside of the cell

Question 19

What makes up the composition of the cytoplasm?

Answer 19

water, ions, amino acids, salts, and sugars.

Question 20

Histone proteins are…

Answer 20

proteins wrapped in DNA

Question 21

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 21

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Question 22

Characteristics and location of epithelial tissues.

Answer 22

made of cells that are close together with little matrix;

cover body surfaces, forms gland and ducts, and is found in hollow organs

Question 23

Characteristics and location of connective tissue.

Answer 23

made of cell scattered apart with abundant matrix; connects body parts

Question 24

Characteristics and location of muscular tissue.

Answer 24

can extend, contract, and recoil; smooth muscle is spindle shaped and found in hollow organs; skeletal muscle is body motion; and cardiac muscle is found in the walls of the heart

Question 25

Characteristics and location of nervous tissue.

Answer 25

can send, receive, and generate electrical impulses; found throughout the body

Question 26

What are desmosomes?

Answer 26

where adjacent cells attach to each other; keeps cells from separating

Question 27

What are connexons?

Answer 27

tubules that allow materials to travel from cell to cell

Question 28

What makes connective tissue unique?

Answer 28

can come in many forms that determine its characteristics

Question 29

Types of connective tissue and where they are found.

Answer 29

hard matrix: bone soft matrix: cartilage gel-like matrix: fat liquid matrix: blood

Question 30

How are epithelial tissues grouped?

Answer 30

1. ) shape - squamous: thin, flat and scale-like - cuboidal: cube shaped - columnar: rectangular - transitional: varies 2. ) number of layers - simple: 1 layer - striated/stratified: multilayered - pseudo stratified: looks stratified but is actually simple

Question 31

What tissues are controlled by the somatic nervous system?

Answer 31

skeletal muscle

Question 32

What tissues are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 32

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Question 33

List neuroglia cells and their functions.

Answer 33

CNS astrocytes: star-shaped; hold cells together oligodendrocytes: secrete myelin microglial: wander through brain and spinal cord destroying debris, bacteria, etc. ependymal: secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid PNS satellite cells: hold cells together Schwann cells: secrete myelin

Question 34

How can receptors be stimulated?

Answer 34

nocireceptors: respond to pain photoreceptors: respond to light thermoreceptors: respond to temperature chemoreceptors: respond to wet chemicals

Question 35

How does the sympathetic nervous system work?

Answer 35

speeds up the tissues that spend energy while slowing the ones that require energy

Question 36

How does the parasympathetic nervous system work?

Answer 36

speeds up the tissues that acquire energy while slowing the ones that spend energy

Question 37

What are cranial nerves and how many of them are there?

Answer 37

They are nerves that attach to the inferior surface of the brain; 12 pairs

Question 38

What are mixed spinal nerves?

Answer 38

Nerves that attach to the spinal cord and carry information into and out of the CNS

Question 39

What are tight junctions?

Answer 39

a barrier substance forms and prevents material from leaking between cells

Question 40

What are gap junctions?

Answer 40

adjacent cells are connected by tubules that allow material to pass from cell to cell

Question 41

What are intermediate fibers?

Answer 41

thicker proteins that allow stretching and recoil of cells

Question 42

What are thick filaments?

Answer 42

provide cellular contraction

Question 43

What are nucleoli?

Answer 43

dark areas in the nucleus where ribosomes form

Question 44

What is cytoplasm in the nucleus called?

Answer 44

nucleoplasm

Question 45

What are Nissl bodies?

Answer 45

make proteins and are located in the cell body of neurons; look dark in color

Question 46

What are 3 ways adjacent cells can be joined?

Answer 46

desmosomes; tight junctions, and gap junctions

Question 47

What are nuclei?

Answer 47

clumps of cell bodies inside the brain and spinal cord

Question 48

What are ganglia?

Answer 48

clumps of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 49

What are tracts?

Answer 49

groups of axons inside the brain and spinal cord

Question 50

What are nerves?

Answer 50

groups of axons outside of the brain and spinal cord

Question 51

Characteristics of carbohydrates.

Answer 51

1:2:1 ratio; sugars and starches; characterized by size and solubility

Question 52

Characteristics of lipids.

Answer 52

contain fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates; insoluble; components of the cell membrane; may contain phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur

Question 53

Characteristics of proteins.

Answer 53

made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; contain C,H,O, and nitrogen (maybe sulfur)

Question 54

Characteristics of nucleic acids.

Answer 54

composed of C,H,O,N and phosphorus; store and process info; DNA & RNA