Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
the science of structures and their relationships with other structures
2
Q
Physiology
A
the science of the function of structures
3
Q
macromolecules
A
three dimensional building blocks that carryout chemical reactions
4
Q
organelles
A
tiny “organs” that allow cells to live
5
Q
cells
A
smallest living portion of our bodies
6
Q
cytoplasm
A
semi-fluid matrix containing organelles inside the cell membrane
7
Q
nucleus
A
control center of cells that directs aspects of cellular functions; contains nuclei acids
8
Q
tissues
A
a group of cells that develop from the same part of an embryo and perform the same function
9
Q
epithelial tissue
A
made of cells that are close together w/ only a little matrix between cells; cover body areas, line inside of hollow areas, form glands and ducts
10
Q
connective tissue
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made of cells that are scattered apart with abundant matrix between cells; connect various areas together in some manner
11
Q
muscular tissue
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tissues that have ability to contract, extent, and recoil
12
Q
nervous tissue
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can respond to, generate, and send and electrical impulse
13
Q
organ
A
a structure made of two or more different types of tissues to perform a specific function
14
Q
organ system
A
different organs arranged so that they perform a complex body function
15
Q
organism
A
the result of work done by the body systems
16
Q
homeostasis
A
maintaining constancy within the body; the goal of the body (avoid wild variations from normal)
17
Q
atoms
A
make up matter
18
Q
elements
A
groups of identical atoms
19
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atomic number
A
the number of protons in the nucleus
20
Q
ionic bond
A
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
21
Q
covalent bond
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electron pair is shared between 2 or more atoms
22
Q
non-polar covalent bond
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electron pair spends equal amount of time around each nucleus
23
Q
polar covalent bond
A
unequal sharing of an electron pair
24
Q
hydrogen bond
A
the weak attraction between the positive area of one molecule to the negative area of another
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surface tension
polar molecules adhere so that a barrier is formed
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capillary action
polar molecules creep up the inside of a glass
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carbohydrates
have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1; serve as structural units and can be classified by size and solubility
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lipids
long chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; has fewer oxygen that carbohydrates; insoluble in water; may contain phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur
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proteins
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (maybe sulfur); made of amino acids joined by a covalent bond
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nucleic acids
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; store and process info at molecular level inside cells
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eukaryotic cell
cell with a membrane bound nucleus
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cell membrane
a boundary that separates cell from its environment; semi-permeable
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glycocalyx
receptors that guide specific molecules to proper protein channels and are attached to some membrane proteins
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cholesterol units
join the two parts of the phospholipid bilayer and prevent membrane from separating
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microfilaments
long, thin proteins that go from one end of a cell to the other and keep cell from ripping apart
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intermediate fibers
thicker proteins that allow stretching of the cell and recoil
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thick filaments
provide cellular contraction
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microtubules
hollow tubes for structure and transport within the cell
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nuclear membrane
two layered; separates nucleus and cytoplasm; has nuclear pores
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histone proteins
proteins wrapped in DNA
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nucleoplasm
cytoplasm inside the nucleus
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nucleoli
dark areas where ribosomes form
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desmosomes
adjacent cells share their membranes in specific spots; hold cells together; abundant in areas that undergo mechanical stress (muscles)
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tight junctions
barrier substance forms and prevents material from leaking between cells
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gap junctions
adjacent cells are connected by tiny membrane tubules that allow materials to pass from one cell to the next while holding cells together
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connexons
tubules
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squamous
flat-thin; scale-like
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cuboidal
cube shaped
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columnar
rectangular
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transitional
shape varies
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simple
1 cell layer
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striated/stratified
multi-layered
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pseudostratified
1 layer varying in heights so it looks stratified
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skeletal muscle
body motion
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smooth muscle
in walls of hollow organs; spindle shaped
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cardiac muscle
found in walls of heart
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neuron
cells that can generate, send, and receive electrical impulses
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nissl bodies
dark in color; make specific proteins, show up in grey matter
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dendrite
short, branched extensions from the cell body that receive an impulse
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cell body
contains central nucleus and organelles
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axon hillock
small bump on cell body where axon begins
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axon
long, slender extension from an axon hillock
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axon terminal
thin branches from the axon's distal end
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synaptic end bulbs
swollen ends of axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles
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synaptic vesicles
membrane enclosed spears inside synaptic end bulbs containing neurotransmitters
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synapse
small gap between pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic cell
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multipolar neuron
many dendrites and one axon
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bipolar neuron
1 dendrite and 1 axon
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unipolar neuron
one extension from cell body that branches into a dendrite and an axon
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afferent (sensory)
carry impulse into brain and/or the spinal cord
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efferent (motor)
carry impulse out of the brain and/or spinal cord to the somatic and autonomic divisions
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association (connecting)
link sensory and motor (afferent and efferent)
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myelinated neuron
axon is coated with myelin (white matter)
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white matter
groups of myelinated neurons
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unmyelinated neuron
not coated by myelin (grey matter)
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grey matter
groups of unmyelinated neurons
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nuclei
clumps of cell bodies in brain and spinal cord (CNS)
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ganglia
clumps of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord (PNS)
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tracts
groups of axons in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
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nerves
groups of axons outside of the brain and spinal cord (PNS)
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central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
everything outside of the brain and spinal cord
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cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that attach to the inferior surface of brain
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mixed spinal nerves
connect to spinal cord and carry information into and out of CNS
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somatic division
controls skeletal muscle and provides motor control and gland control
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autonomic division
controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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effectors
neurons, muscles, and glands
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sympathetic division
part of autonomic division; speeds up the action of tissues that spend energy while it slows the action of organs that acquire energy
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parasympathetic division
part of autonomic division; speeds up the action of tissues that acquire energy while it slows that action of tissues that spend energy
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neuroglial cells
cells that support neurons
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astrocyte
star-shaped; hold neurons together while holding them to nearby blood vessels
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ependymal cells
secrete and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid
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microglial cells
cells that wander through brain & spinal cord engulfing and destroying things (endocytosis)
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oligodendrocyte
secretes myelin around specific CNS axons
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Schwann cells
secretes myelin around specific PNS axons
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satellite cells
hold adjacent neurons in the PNS together
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chemoreceptors
respond to wet chemicals
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thermoreceptors
respond to changes in temperature
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nocireceptors
respond to pain
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photoreceptors
respond to light
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threshold stimulus
minimum strength of a stimulus to trigger a response
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all or nothing effect
protein channels open at same rate as long as the threshold stimulus is met
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voltage gated Na+ channels
open and allow Na+ ions into the cell
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voltage gated K+ channels
open and allow K+ ions out of the cell
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resting membrane potention
-70mV; inside of axon is negative and outside is positive
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depolarization
voltage increases from -70 mV to +30 mV
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Na+/K+ pump
active transport; resets position of Na+ and K+ ions
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pre-synaptic neuron
neuron that releases the neurotransmitter
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post-synaptic cell
the next cell
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neurotransmitter
chemical substance within the synaptic vesicle
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enzymes
break down/ deactivate neurotransmitters
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acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that gets broken down into acetate and choline
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continuous conduction
all voltage gated ion channels open along the entire length of the axon (gray matter)
114
saltatory
only voltage gated channels in the Node of Ranvier open (operates faster than continuous conduction)(white matter)
115
Node of Ranvier
areas between myelinated sections on the axon of a myelinated neuron
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ribosomes
assemble proteins; made in nucleus and are transported out through nuclear pores
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endoplasmic reticulum
a series of channel through the cytoplasm; located close to the nucleus
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rough ER
has ribosomes attached to it; takes newly made proteins and modifies them
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smooth ER
lacks ribosomes; synthesizes cholesterol and lipids; involved in detoxification of material in the cell
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Golgi body/apparatus
flat sacs in cytoplasm; concentrate and modify molecules by adding carbohydrates; packages newly made proteins for transport
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vesicles
membrane-bound sacs that transport materials to the exterior of the cell
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lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles that are made in Golgi bodies; breakdown debris
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mitochondria
bean shaped; cristae inside of them perform chemical reactions that release energy/ATP from sugar molecules in the matrix
