Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the science of structures and their relationships with other structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology

A

the science of the function of structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

macromolecules

A

three dimensional building blocks that carryout chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

organelles

A

tiny “organs” that allow cells to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cells

A

smallest living portion of our bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cytoplasm

A

semi-fluid matrix containing organelles inside the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nucleus

A

control center of cells that directs aspects of cellular functions; contains nuclei acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tissues

A

a group of cells that develop from the same part of an embryo and perform the same function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

epithelial tissue

A

made of cells that are close together w/ only a little matrix between cells; cover body areas, line inside of hollow areas, form glands and ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

connective tissue

A

made of cells that are scattered apart with abundant matrix between cells; connect various areas together in some manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

muscular tissue

A

tissues that have ability to contract, extent, and recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nervous tissue

A

can respond to, generate, and send and electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

organ

A

a structure made of two or more different types of tissues to perform a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

organ system

A

different organs arranged so that they perform a complex body function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

organism

A

the result of work done by the body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining constancy within the body; the goal of the body (avoid wild variations from normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

atoms

A

make up matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

elements

A

groups of identical atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ionic bond

A

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

covalent bond

A

electron pair is shared between 2 or more atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A

electron pair spends equal amount of time around each nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of an electron pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the weak attraction between the positive area of one molecule to the negative area of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

surface tension

A

polar molecules adhere so that a barrier is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

capillary action

A

polar molecules creep up the inside of a glass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

carbohydrates

A

have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1; serve as structural units and can be classified by size and solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

lipids

A

long chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; has fewer oxygen that carbohydrates; insoluble in water; may contain phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

proteins

A

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (maybe sulfur); made of amino acids joined by a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

nucleic acids

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; store and process info at molecular level inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

cell with a membrane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cell membrane

A

a boundary that separates cell from its environment; semi-permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

glycocalyx

A

receptors that guide specific molecules to proper protein channels and are attached to some membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

cholesterol units

A

join the two parts of the phospholipid bilayer and prevent membrane from separating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

microfilaments

A

long, thin proteins that go from one end of a cell to the other and keep cell from ripping apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

intermediate fibers

A

thicker proteins that allow stretching of the cell and recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

thick filaments

A

provide cellular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

microtubules

A

hollow tubes for structure and transport within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

nuclear membrane

A

two layered; separates nucleus and cytoplasm; has nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

histone proteins

A

proteins wrapped in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

nucleoplasm

A

cytoplasm inside the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

nucleoli

A

dark areas where ribosomes form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

desmosomes

A

adjacent cells share their membranes in specific spots; hold cells together; abundant in areas that undergo mechanical stress (muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

tight junctions

A

barrier substance forms and prevents material from leaking between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

gap junctions

A

adjacent cells are connected by tiny membrane tubules that allow materials to pass from one cell to the next while holding cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

connexons

A

tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

squamous

A

flat-thin; scale-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cuboidal

A

cube shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

columnar

A

rectangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

transitional

A

shape varies

51
Q

simple

A

1 cell layer

52
Q

striated/stratified

A

multi-layered

53
Q

pseudostratified

A

1 layer varying in heights so it looks stratified

54
Q

skeletal muscle

A

body motion

55
Q

smooth muscle

A

in walls of hollow organs; spindle shaped

56
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found in walls of heart

57
Q

neuron

A

cells that can generate, send, and receive electrical impulses

58
Q

nissl bodies

A

dark in color; make specific proteins, show up in grey matter

59
Q

dendrite

A

short, branched extensions from the cell body that receive an impulse

60
Q

cell body

A

contains central nucleus and organelles

61
Q

axon hillock

A

small bump on cell body where axon begins

62
Q

axon

A

long, slender extension from an axon hillock

63
Q

axon terminal

A

thin branches from the axon’s distal end

64
Q

synaptic end bulbs

A

swollen ends of axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles

65
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane enclosed spears inside synaptic end bulbs containing neurotransmitters

66
Q

synapse

A

small gap between pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic cell

67
Q

multipolar neuron

A

many dendrites and one axon

68
Q

bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite and 1 axon

69
Q

unipolar neuron

A

one extension from cell body that branches into a dendrite and an axon

70
Q

afferent (sensory)

A

carry impulse into brain and/or the spinal cord

71
Q

efferent (motor)

A

carry impulse out of the brain and/or spinal cord to the somatic and autonomic divisions

72
Q

association (connecting)

A

link sensory and motor (afferent and efferent)

73
Q

myelinated neuron

A

axon is coated with myelin (white matter)

74
Q

white matter

A

groups of myelinated neurons

75
Q

unmyelinated neuron

A

not coated by myelin (grey matter)

76
Q

grey matter

A

groups of unmyelinated neurons

77
Q

nuclei

A

clumps of cell bodies in brain and spinal cord (CNS)

78
Q

ganglia

A

clumps of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord (PNS)

79
Q

tracts

A

groups of axons in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

80
Q

nerves

A

groups of axons outside of the brain and spinal cord (PNS)

81
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

82
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

everything outside of the brain and spinal cord

83
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that attach to the inferior surface of brain

84
Q

mixed spinal nerves

A

connect to spinal cord and carry information into and out of CNS

85
Q

somatic division

A

controls skeletal muscle and provides motor control and gland control

86
Q

autonomic division

A

controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

87
Q

effectors

A

neurons, muscles, and glands

88
Q

sympathetic division

A

part of autonomic division; speeds up the action of tissues that spend energy while it slows the action of organs that acquire energy

89
Q

parasympathetic division

A

part of autonomic division; speeds up the action of tissues that acquire energy while it slows that action of tissues that spend energy

90
Q

neuroglial cells

A

cells that support neurons

91
Q

astrocyte

A

star-shaped; hold neurons together while holding them to nearby blood vessels

92
Q

ependymal cells

A

secrete and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

93
Q

microglial cells

A

cells that wander through brain & spinal cord engulfing and destroying things (endocytosis)

94
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

secretes myelin around specific CNS axons

95
Q

Schwann cells

A

secretes myelin around specific PNS axons

96
Q

satellite cells

A

hold adjacent neurons in the PNS together

97
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to wet chemicals

98
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature

99
Q

nocireceptors

A

respond to pain

100
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

101
Q

threshold stimulus

A

minimum strength of a stimulus to trigger a response

102
Q

all or nothing effect

A

protein channels open at same rate as long as the threshold stimulus is met

103
Q

voltage gated Na+ channels

A

open and allow Na+ ions into the cell

104
Q

voltage gated K+ channels

A

open and allow K+ ions out of the cell

105
Q

resting membrane potention

A

-70mV; inside of axon is negative and outside is positive

106
Q

depolarization

A

voltage increases from -70 mV to +30 mV

107
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

active transport; resets position of Na+ and K+ ions

108
Q

pre-synaptic neuron

A

neuron that releases the neurotransmitter

109
Q

post-synaptic cell

A

the next cell

110
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance within the synaptic vesicle

111
Q

enzymes

A

break down/ deactivate neurotransmitters

112
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that gets broken down into acetate and choline

113
Q

continuous conduction

A

all voltage gated ion channels open along the entire length of the axon (gray matter)

114
Q

saltatory

A

only voltage gated channels in the Node of Ranvier open (operates faster than continuous conduction)(white matter)

115
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

areas between myelinated sections on the axon of a myelinated neuron

116
Q

ribosomes

A

assemble proteins; made in nucleus and are transported out through nuclear pores

117
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a series of channel through the cytoplasm; located close to the nucleus

118
Q

rough ER

A

has ribosomes attached to it; takes newly made proteins and modifies them

119
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes; synthesizes cholesterol and lipids; involved in detoxification of material in the cell

120
Q

Golgi body/apparatus

A

flat sacs in cytoplasm; concentrate and modify molecules by adding carbohydrates; packages newly made proteins for transport

121
Q

vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs that transport materials to the exterior of the cell

122
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles that are made in Golgi bodies; breakdown debris

123
Q

mitochondria

A

bean shaped; cristae inside of them perform chemical reactions that release energy/ATP from sugar molecules in the matrix

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions