a balanced diet

Question 1

what are the 7 nutrients you need

Answer 1

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
vitamins (ACD)
mineral ions
water
dietary fibres

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Question 2

carbohydrates

Answer 2

• found in pasta rice sugar
• provides energy

Question 2

lipids

Answer 2

• found in butter, oily fish
• provides energy and acts as an energy store, also provides insulation

Question 2

proteins

Answer 2

• found in meat and fish
• needed for growth and repair of tissue
• and to provide energy in emergencies

Question 3

vitamin C

Answer 3

• found in fruits
• needed to prevent skurvy

Question 3

vitamin A

Answer 3

• found in liver
• helps to improve vision and keeps skin and hair healthy

Question 4

vitamin D

Answer 4

• found in eggs
• needed for calcium absorption

Question 5

mineral ions (calcium)

Answer 5

• found in milk and cheese
• needed to make bones and teeth

Question 6

mineral ions ( iron)

Answer 6

found in red meat
needed to make haemoglobin for healthy blood

Question 6

dietary fibre

Answer 6

• found in whole meal bread and fruit
• aids the movement of food through the gut

Question 7

water

Answer 7

found in food and drink
just about every bodily function relies on water, we need a constant supply to replace water lost through urinating, breathing, and sweating

Question 8

the energy a person needs depends on things like…

Answer 8

• activity level
• age
• pregnancy

Question 9

activity level

Answer 9

active people need more energy than people who sit around all day

Question 10

age

Answer 10

children and teenagers need more energy than older people - they need energy to grow and they are generally more active

Question 11

pregnancy

Answer 11

pregnant woman need more energy than other woman - they have got to provide the energy their babies need to develop

Question 12

what is involved in the alimentary canel

Answer 12

mouth
oesophagus
liver
gall bladder
large intestine
stomach
pancreas
small intestine

Question 12

mouth

Answer 12

• salivary glands in the mouth produce amylase - - enzyme in the saliva
  teeth break down food

Question 13

oesophagus

Answer 13

the muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach

Question 13

liver

Answer 13

where bile is produced

Question 14

gall bladder

Answer 14

where bile is stored

Question 15

large intestine

Answer 15

• also called the colon
• where excess water is absorbed from the food

Question 16

stomach

Answer 16

• it pummels the food with its muscular walls
• it produces the protease enzyme, pepsin
• it produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and to give the optimum pH for the protease enzyme to work

Question 17

small intestine

Answer 17

• produces protease amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion
• this is also where the nutrients are absorbed out of the alimentary canal into the body
• the first part is the duodenum and the last part is the ileum

Question 17

pancreas

Answer 17

produces protease amylase and lipase enzymes, it releases these into the small intestine

Question 17

what is peristalsis

Answer 17

- theres muscular tissue all the way down the alimentary canal. - its job is to squeeze balls of food (called boluses) through your gut - otherwise it will get clogged up with bits of old food. - the squeezing action which is waves of circular muscle contractions is called peristalsis

Question 17

food is moved through the gut by

Answer 17

peristalsis

Question 17

state --> digestive enzymes break down big molecules into smaller ones

Question 18

enzymes and digestion

Answer 18

- starch proteins and fats are big molecules, they are too big to pass through the walls of the digestive system, they are also insoluble - sugars amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids are much smaller molecules, they are soluble and can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system - the digestive enzymes break down the big molecules into smaller ones -

Question 19

state --> amylase converts starch into maltose

Question 20

state --> maltase converts maltose into glucose

Question 20

state --> proteases convert proteins into amino acids

Question 20

state --> lipases convert lipids inro glycerol and fatty acids

Question 20

state --> bile is produced in the liver, it is stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine

Question 21

what is the role of bile in neutralising stomach acid

Answer 21

the hydrochloric acid in the stomach makes the pH too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work properly. bile is alkaline - it neutralises the acid and makes conditions alkaline. the enzymes in the small intestine work best in these alkaline conditons

Question 22

what is the role of bile in emulsifying lipids

Answer 22

bile also emulsifies fats in other words it breaks the fat into tiny droplets, this gives a much bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on - which makes its digestion faster

Question 23

role of villi in the small intestine

Answer 23

- the small intestine is adapted for absorption of food - its very long, so theres time to break down and absorb all the food before it reaches the end - theres a really big surface area for absorption because the walls of the small intestine are covered in millions and millions of tiny little projections called villi - each cell on the surface of a villi also has its own microvilli-little projections that increase the surface area even more - villi have a single permeable layer of surface cells and a very good blood supply to assist quick absorption

Question 24

Quick absorption: Villi have:

Answer 24

-Thin walls: This makes it easy for nutrients to pass through. -Good blood supply: This helps carry the nutrients quickly into the bloodstream.

Question 25

equation for energy in food (in jules)

Answer 25

energy in food (J)= mass of water in grams x temperature change of water in degrees x 4.2

Question 26

calculate the amount of energy in jules in jules per gram

Answer 26

energy per gram of food (in J/G) = energy in food (in J) / mass of food (in g)