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MICRB 106 - Exam 1 > A Brief History of Microbiology > Flashcards

A Brief History of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek? (2)

A
  • Dutch tailor, merchant, lens grinder
  • Made the first microscope (single magnifying lens) - magnified objects more than 200x
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2
Q

What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek initially observe?

A

Different types of fabrics and materials

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3
Q

Describe Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s trade as it relates to his role in discovering microorganisms (2)

A
  • Began observing everyday objects using the microscope
  • Reported the existence of bacteria in 1676
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4
Q

What were Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s two major contributions to the field of microbiology?

A
  • Development of the simple microscope
  • Began the first examination and documentation of the microbial world
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5
Q

What terms did leeuwenhoek use for what are now called microorganisms? (2)

A
  • ‘Animalcules’
  • ‘Beasties’
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6
Q

Name the 6 basic categories of microorganisms most likely observed by Leeuwenhoek

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Small, multicellular animals
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7
Q

Describe prokaryotes (3)

A
  • Unicellular
  • Lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
  • Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan
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8
Q

Describe eukaryotes (2)

A
  • Multicellular
  • Have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
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9
Q

Are bacteria and archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

How do bacteria and archaea compare to eukaryotes in overall size?

A

Significantly smaller than eukaryotes

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11
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually

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12
Q

What are peptidoglycans and where are they found? (2)

A
  • Protein and carbohydrate composed molecule
  • Found in bacterial cell walls
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13
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycans? (2)

A
  • Protect bacterial cells from environmental stress
  • Preserve morphology throughout their life cycle
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14
Q

What is the only type of microbe not described by Leeuwenhoek?

A

Viruses

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15
Q

Why was Leeuwenhoek unable to identify viruses during his lifetime?

A

Viruses are not visible with a light microscope

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16
Q

When was the electron microscope invented?

A

1932

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17
Q

Define viruses (2)

A
  • Acellular, obligatory parasites
  • Significantly smaller than the smallest prokaryote
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18
Q

What are obligatory parasites?

A

Parasites than cannot reproduce on their own (only the host cell can reproduce)

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19
Q

Describe the overall structural composition of a virus

A

Composed of small amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

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20
Q

What does the theory of spontaneous generation state?

A

Life can arise from decaying or nonliving matter

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21
Q

Describe Francesco Redi’s experiment and what most scientists were able to conclude (3)

A
  • Maggots on decaying meat came from microscopic eggs
  • Flies deposit microscopic eggs on meat on the unsealed meat
  • NOT spontaneous generation - animals only come from other animals
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22
Q

Describe John Needham’s experiment and what most scientists were able to conclude (2)

A
  • Heat-sterilized and cork-sealed broths developed an abundance of microbes
  • Faulty experiment (because the cork was not sterile)
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23
Q

Describe Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment and what most scientists were able to conclude (2)

A
  • Boiled infusions longer than Needham and sealed the necks closed
  • NOT spontaneous generation - broths remained clear; no life
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24
Q

Spallanzani reported results that contradicted ______

A

Needham

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25
Q

What criticism of Spallanzani’s work was discovered by Pasteur?

A

The sealed vial did not allow about air for organisms to thrive

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26
Q

Describe Louis Pasteur’s experiments with his ‘swan-necked flasks’ (3)

A
  • Boiled infusions long enough to kill everything
  • Instead of sealing the flasks, he bent their necks into an S-shape
  • Allowed air to enter without dust and microbes
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27
Q

Describe how the results of Pateur’s experiment refuted the theory of spontaneous generation

A

His “swan-necked flasks” remained free of microbes even 18 months later

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28
Q

What are vintners?

A

Wine producers threatened by spoiled acidic wine in France

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29
Q

What initial question was asked regarding fermentation?

A

Why was the wine becoming spoiled?

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30
Q

What fundamental question did the spoilage of wine lead to?

A

What causes the fermentation of grape juice into wine?

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31
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The presence of microbes

32
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s initial observation of fermenting grape juice?

A

Fermenting grape juice contains yeasts and bacteria

33
Q

Describe how Pasteur disproved / supported the following hypothesis - spontaneous fermentation occurs

A

Disproved - sufficiently heated, sealed flasks of grape juice are negative for fermentation

34
Q

Describe how Pasteur disproved / supported the following hypothesis - air ferments grape juice

A

Disproved - Pasteur’s ‘swan-necked’ flasks are negative for fermentation

35
Q

Describe how Pasteur disproved / supported the following hypothesis - yeasts ferment grape juice into alcohol

A
  • Supported - yeasts added to heat-treated grape juice result in alcohol production
36
Q

Describe how Pasteur disproved / supported the following hypothesis - bacteria ferment grape juice into alcohol

A

Disproved - bacteria added to heat-treated grape juice result in acidic products (not alcohol)

37
Q

What was Pasteur’s ultimate solution for preventing the spoilage of wine?

A

Pasteurization

38
Q

Pasteurization is not ______

A

Sterilization

39
Q

Describe pasteurization

A

Liquids are heated just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria without changing the juice’s basic qualities

40
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products

41
Q

Which early microbiologist is credited with the beginning of biotechnology?

A

Louis Pasteur

42
Q

How did Eduard Buchner show that fermentation is due to microbial enzymes?

A

Fermentation reactions were strictly chemical and did not involve living organisms

43
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions

44
Q

Name the 2 fields of study that were begun by Eduard Buchner

A
  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolism
45
Q

Describe Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and how his previous experiments on spontaneous generation and fermentation led him to his theory

A

Pasteur’s discovery that bacteria are responsible for spoiling wine led the theory that microorganisms are also responsible for diseases

46
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A specific microbe that causes an infectious disease within a host

47
Q

What is etiology?

A

The study of causation of disease

48
Q

What was Robert Koch’s major contribution regarding culturing microorganisms in the lab?

A

In his publications on tuberculosis, he created steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease

49
Q

What are bacterial colonies and how do they arise? (2)

A
  • After smearing disease specimens onto a solid surface, it was discovered that microorganisms multiplied and formed distinct colonies
  • Each colony consisted of the offspring of a single cell
50
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates?

A
  1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of disease and be absent from healthy hosts
  2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside of the host
  3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the same disease
  4. The same agent must be found in the diseased host
51
Q

Describe the significance of Koch’s postulates

A

Established that microbes cause specific diseases

52
Q

Are Koch’s postulates always met?

A

No - ethical / moral limitations may prevent follow through (third postulate)

53
Q

How did mortality rates decrease in the subsequent year as a result of Semmelweis’ work regarding the prevention of infection / disease?

A

Dropped from 18.3% to 1.3%

54
Q

Describe the work of Ignaz Semmelweis regarding the prevention of infection / disease (2)

A
  • Observed that women giving birth died from puerperal at a rate of 20 times higher in the wing where medical students were trained
  • Began requiring medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water
55
Q

What is puerperal / childbed fever?

A

Bacterial infection of the female reproductive tract following childbirth

56
Q

What were Semmelweis’ cadaver particles?

A

Hypothesized that medical students carried ‘cadaver particles’ from their autopsy studies into the delivery rooms - resulting in puerperal fever

57
Q

Describe the work of Joseph Lister regarding the promotion of antisepsis / disinfection (2)

A
  • Began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, and dressings with carbolic acid
  • Began research of antisepsis and disinfection (Listerine)
58
Q

Joseph Lister was a ______

A

Surgeon

59
Q

Joseph Lister became the founder of ______

A

Antiseptic surgery

60
Q

What is carbolic acid?

A

Phenol

61
Q

How did mortality rates decrease as a result of Lister’s work regarding the promotion of antisepsis / disinfection?

A

Decreased by ⅔

62
Q

What role did Florence Nightingale play in preventing disease transmission? (2)

A
  • Introduced cleanliness and antiseptic techniques into nursing practice
  • Founded the Nightingale School for Nurses - first in the world
63
Q

Who was John Snow and what role did he play in preventing disease transmission? (2)

A
  • Suggested that cholera was spread by a contaminating agent in water
  • Mapped the occurrence of cholera cases during an epidemic in London
64
Q

What is the significance of the Broad Street Pump?

A

The pump contaminated drinking water resulting in the cholera epidemic

65
Q

What was John Snow’s solution to the cholera epidemic in London of 1854?

A

Removal of the pump handle from the Broad Street Pump (one of the first public health measures taken at the time)

66
Q

Name 2 important tenets of public health that Snow’s work highlighted at the time

A
  • Need for adequate sewage treatment
  • Need for a pure water supply
67
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease

68
Q

Which early microbiologist is generally credited with founding the field of epidemiology?

A

John Snow

69
Q

Describe the concept of variolation initially developed in the 14th century China and later adopted by Europeans (2)

A
  • Those who recovered from smallpox never contracted the disease again
  • Conclusion - contracting a weakened form of a disease might result in lifelong resistance
70
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

71
Q

Describe the work of Edward Jenner regarding the creation of vaccines (2)

A
  • After injecting a young boy with cowpox, he became immune to smallpox
  • Began the field of immunology
72
Q

What was the principle behind Louis Pasteur’s attenuated vaccines?

A

Pasteur capitalized on Jenner’s work by producing weakened / attenuated strains of various pathogens for use in preventing the serious diseases they cause

73
Q

Name 3 diseases for which Louis Pasteur developed attenuated vaccines (3)

A
  • Fowl cholera
  • Anthrax
  • Rabies
74
Q

Describe the concept behind Paul Ehrlich’s ‘magic bullet’

A
  • Suggested that chemicals could be used to kill microorganisms differentially
  • Sought a ‘magic bullet’ that would destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans
75
Q

From a chemical perspective, what is salvarsan and what disease did it treat? (2)

A
  • Arsenic-containing chemical
  • Active against the causative agent of syphilis
76
Q

What branch of medical microbiology began as a result of Paul Ehrlich’s work with salvarsan?

A

Chemotherapy

MICRB 106 - Exam 1 (3 decks)

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