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MICRB 106 - Exam 1 > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 processes / levels of organization characteristic of all living things

A
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Responsiveness
  • Metabolism
  • Cellular structure
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2
Q

Why aren’t viruses considered to be living organisms?

A

Although they have responsiveness, they cannot grow

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3
Q

Describe prokaryotes (3)

A
  • Lack a nucleus
  • Lack membrane bound organelles
  • Include eubacteria and archaea
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4
Q

Describe eukaryotes (2)

A
  • Have a membrane bound nucleus
  • Have membrane bound organelles
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5
Q

What are some examples of eukaryotes? (5)

A
  • Animal cells
  • Algae cells
  • Fungi cells
  • Plant cells
  • Protozoa cells
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6
Q

Differentiate between eubacteria and archaea

A
  • Eubacteria - true bacteria
  • Archaea - ancient bacteria
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7
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

A gelatinous sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell

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8
Q

What are glycocalyces usually composed of?

A

Polysaccharides or polypeptides (or both)

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9
Q

Describe capsules (2)

A
  • Firmly attached to the cell surface
  • Protect cells against phagocytosis
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10
Q

Describe slime layers (2)

A
  • Loose and water-soluble
  • Enable cells to adhere to each other and to environmental surfaces
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11
Q

What effect do glycocalyx have upon bacterial desiccation (drying out)?

A

Protect the cell from desiccation and increase the cell’s ability to cause disease

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12
Q

What effect do glycocalyces have upon bacterial pathogenicity?

A

Prevent the entry to pathogens into the cell

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13
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long extensions from the cell surface and glycocalyx that propel a cell through its environment

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14
Q

What function do flagella impart to the bacterium?

A

Responsible for cell motility

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15
Q

What are the 3 ‘parts’ of a bacterial flagellum?

A
  • Hollow filament
  • Hook
  • Basal body
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16
Q

What powers flagellar rotation?

A

The flow of ions through the cytoplasmic membrane near the basal body

17
Q

Differentiate between peritrichous and polar flagella

A
  • Peritrichous flagella - flagella that cover the surface of the cell
  • Polar flagella - only found at the ends
18
Q

Describe the mode of locomotion in some bacteria

A
  • Bacteria move with a series of runs and tumbles
  • Both occur in response to stimuli
19
Q

What are runs?

A

Cellular movements in a single direction

20
Q

What are tumbles?

A

Abrupt changes in direction

21
Q

Differentiate between chemotaxis and phototaxis

A
  • Chemotaxis - flagella move the cell toward or away from chemical stimuli
  • Phototaxis - flagella move the cell toward or away from light stimuli
22
Q

Differentiate between ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ taxis

A
  • Positive taxis - moving towards something
  • Negative taxis - moving away from something
23
Q

Describe fimbriae (4)

A
  • Short and sticky
  • Proteinaceous
  • Non-motile
  • Extensions of bacteria
24
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

Enable cells to adhere to each other and to environmental surfaces

25
Q

Fimbriae serve an important function in ______

A

Biofilms

26
Q

Roughly how many fimbriae are typically present on a bacterium?

A

Hundreds per cell

27
Q

Describe pili (3)

A
  • Hollow
  • Non-motile
  • Tubes of protein
28
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

Connect some prokaryotic cells

29
Q

Roughly how many pili are typically present on a bacterium?

A

1 - 2 per cell

30
Q

How do flagella and fimbriae compare in terms of overall size or length?

A

Fimbriae are usually shorter than flagella

31
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Slimy masses of bacteria adhering to a substrate and to one another by means of fimbriae and glycocalyces

32
Q

What role do glycocalyces and fimbriae play in the formation of biofilms?

A

Prevent the cell from drying, allowing it to stick to surfaces

33
Q

What is a conjugation pilus and what is its function? (2)

A
  • A special type of fimbria
  • Allows for DNA transfer between bacteria
34
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Process in which pili join two bacterial cells and mediate the movement of DNA from one cell to another

35
Q

Describe 2 different functions of the bacterial cell walls

A
  • Provides structure (characteristic shapes)
  • Provides protection from somatic forces
36
Q

Differentiate between cocci and bacilli (coccus vs. bacillus)

A
  • Cocci - spherical cells that may appear in various arrangements depending on the planes of cell division
  • Bacilli - rod-shaped cells, typically appearing singly or in chains
37
Q

Differentiate among the following bacterial arrangements:

  • Streptococci
  • Staphylococci
  • Sarcinae
  • Filaments
  • Streptobacilli
A
  • Streptococci - chains of cocci
  • Staphylococci - clusters of cocci
  • Sarcinae - cuboidal packets of cocci
  • Filaments - single bacilli cells not separated
  • Streptobacilli - chains of bacilli

MICRB 106 - Exam 1 (3 decks)

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