A: Chemistry = Chemical Changes 3.1 Carbon Chains Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What are carbon-based compounds primarily made up of?
A
Carbon atoms
2
Q
What is organic chemistry?
A
The study of compounds composed of carbon
3
Q
Why was the study of carbon-based compounds originally called organic chemistry?
A
Because most of the molecules in all living things on Earth are carbon based
4
Q
Name three medications that are carbon-based compounds.
A
- Aspirin
- Tylenol
- Advil
5
Q
Fill in the blank: Most of the molecules in all living things on Earth are _______.
A
carbon based
6
Q
What are some examples of carbon-based compounds found in everyday items?
A
- Gasoline
- Plastic
- Synthetic materials
- Medications
- Molecules that make up the body
7
Q
What are the three main macromolecules made of carbon chains?
A
Fats, proteins, and sugars
8
Q
Why is carbon considered an important building block of living and non-living things?
A
Due to its ability to form stable bonds with other atoms
9
Q
How many electrons can carbon’s second electron energy level hold?
A
8 electrons
10
Q
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
A
4 valence electrons
11
Q
How many bonds does carbon need to form to become stable?
A
4 bonds
12
Q
What is the significance of filling the outer electron energy level in an atom?
A
It makes the atom most stable
13
Q
Fill in the blank: Carbon has _______ empty spots in its outer electron energy level.
A
4
14
Q
True or False: Carbon can bond with only one other atom to become stable.
A
False
15
Q
What type of diagram represents the electrons on carbon’s last electron energy level?
A
Lewis Dot Diagram
16
Q
What is the role of bonds in achieving stability for carbon?
A
To fill its outer electron energy level
17
Q
What is the chemical formula for methane?
A
CH4
18
Q
How many atoms of hydrogen are bonded to a carbon atom in methane?
A
4
19
Q
What is the bonding characteristic of hydrogen?
A
Bonds to 1 other atom
20
Q
How many electrons does hydrogen have in its first energy level?
A
1
21
Q
What is required for hydrogen to fill its outer electron energy level?
A
1 electron
22
Q
How many bonds does carbon need to form to be stable?
A
4
23
Q
What type of diagram represents the bonding of electrons in atoms?
A
Lewis Dot Diagram
24
Q
What ability does carbon have due to its bonding characteristics?
A
To produce a large variety of compounds
25
What is the chemical formula for propane?
C3H8
26
Fill in the blank: Each hydrogen is bonded to _______ atom.
1
27
True or False: Carbon can form many bonds with other atoms.
True
28
What is the significance of carbon's ability to form four bonds?
It allows for the formation of complex molecules
29
In a molecular model of propane, how many carbon atoms are present?
3
30
In the context of bonding, what does stability refer to?
Having a full outer electron energy level
31
What is butane used for?
Butane is used as a fuel in barbecue lighters.
## Footnote
Butane is a simple hydrocarbon compound.
32
What is ethene the starting compound for?
Ethene is the starting compound used to produce polyethylene.
## Footnote
Polyethylene is commonly used to make plastic bags.
33
What is ethyne the starting compound for?
Ethyne is the starting compound for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
## Footnote
PVC is used to make rain gear.
34
Define hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
35
True or False: Ethene is used to produce plastic bags.
True.
36
Fill in the blank: Ethyne is used to make _______.
polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
37
What significant discovery is mentioned in relation to synthetic organic molecules?
Wöhler's discovery.
38
List three simple carbon compounds mentioned.
* Butane
* Ethene
* Ethyne
39
What type of products have scientists focused on since Wöhler's discovery?
Synthetic organic molecules.
40
What types of bonds can organic molecules contain?
Single, double, or triple bonds
## Footnote
These bonds can affect the properties and reactivity of the organic molecules.
41
Why are hydrocarbons important for understanding organic chemistry?
They are the simplest group of organic compounds and foundational to all other organic molecules
## Footnote
Understanding hydrocarbons provides a basis for studying more complex organic compounds.
42
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are made up of only _______ and hydrogen atoms.
carbon
43
True or False: All organic molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
False
## Footnote
Organic molecules can contain other elements, but hydrocarbons specifically contain only carbon and hydrogen.
44
What environmental issue is associated with hydrocarbons during winter months?
Accumulation of hydrocarbons from fluids leaking from vehicles
## Footnote
This accumulation can lead to pollution of lakes and rivers during spring runoff.
45
What happens to hydrocarbons when snow and ice melt in spring?
They can find their way into lakes and rivers
## Footnote
This contributes to an increase in pollutants affecting drinking water supplies.
46
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are the _______ group of organic compounds.
simplest
47
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
## Footnote
Hydrocarbons are the simplest group of organic compounds.
48
What types of bonds can organic molecules contain?
Single, double, or triple bonds
## Footnote
These bonds can affect the properties and reactivity of the organic molecules.
49
Why are hydrocarbons important for understanding organic chemistry?
They are the simplest group of organic compounds and foundational to all other organic molecules
## Footnote
Understanding hydrocarbons provides a basis for studying more complex organic compounds.
50
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are made up of only _______ and hydrogen atoms.
carbon
51
True or False: All organic molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
False
## Footnote
Organic molecules can contain other elements, but hydrocarbons specifically contain only carbon and hydrogen.
52
What environmental issue is associated with hydrocarbons during winter months?
Accumulation of hydrocarbons from fluids leaking from vehicles
## Footnote
This accumulation can lead to pollution of lakes and rivers during spring runoff.
53
What happens to hydrocarbons when snow and ice melt in spring?
They can find their way into lakes and rivers
## Footnote
This contributes to an increase in pollutants affecting drinking water supplies.
54
Fill in the blank: Hydrocarbons are the _______ group of organic compounds.
simplest
55
What is propane an example of?
Propane is an example of alkanes
## Footnote
Alkanes are the simplest group of hydrocarbons.
56
Define alkane.
A hydrocarbon that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds
## Footnote
Alkanes have only single bonds between carbon atoms.
57
What is the general chemical formula for alkanes?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
## Footnote
In this formula, n represents the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon.
58
How many other atoms is each carbon in an alkane bonded to?
Four other atoms
## Footnote
This bonding arrangement is due to carbon's tetravalency.
59
Fill in the blank: Alkanes have only _______ bonds between carbon atoms.
single
## Footnote
This distinguishes them from other types of hydrocarbons.
60
True or False: Alkanes can contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
False
## Footnote
Alkanes only have single bonds between carbon atoms.
61
What are continuous-chain alkanes?
An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms
## Footnote
Continuous-chain alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon.
62
What does a chemical formula represent?
The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecule; includes chemical symbols
## Footnote
Chemical formulas provide a simple representation of molecular composition.
63
What does a Lewis dot diagram show?
The sharing of valence electrons between hydrogen and carbon atoms as a pair of dots; includes chemical symbols
## Footnote
Lewis dot diagrams are useful for visualizing electron sharing in covalent bonds.
64
What is a complete structural diagram?
A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
## Footnote
This type of diagram illustrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.
65
What is a condensed structural diagram?
A diagram that shows carbon-carbon bonds but omits carbon-hydrogen bonds; uses chemical symbols for hydrogen
## Footnote
Condensed structural diagrams simplify the representation of larger molecules.
66
Fill in the blank: The alkanes depicted are called _______ because the carbon atoms form one chain of consecutive carbon atoms.
continuous-chain alkanes
67
True or False: A complete structural diagram shows both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
False
## Footnote
A complete structural diagram focuses on covalent bonds, typically omitting hydrogen details.
68
List the ways hydrocarbons can be represented.
* Chemical formula
* Lewis dot diagram
* Complete structural diagram
* Condensed structural diagram
## Footnote
These representations vary in detail and complexity.
69
What are continuous-chain alkanes?
An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms
## Footnote
Continuous-chain alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon.
70
What does a chemical formula represent?
The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecule; includes chemical symbols
## Footnote
Chemical formulas provide a simple representation of molecular composition.
71
What does a Lewis dot diagram show?
The sharing of valence electrons between hydrogen and carbon atoms as a pair of dots; includes chemical symbols
## Footnote
Lewis dot diagrams are useful for visualizing electron sharing in covalent bonds.
72
What is a complete structural diagram?
A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
## Footnote
This type of diagram illustrates the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.
73
What is a condensed structural diagram?
A diagram that shows carbon-carbon bonds but omits carbon-hydrogen bonds; uses chemical symbols for hydrogen
## Footnote
Condensed structural diagrams simplify the representation of larger molecules.
74
Fill in the blank: The alkanes depicted are called _______ because the carbon atoms form one chain of consecutive carbon atoms.
continuous-chain alkanes
75
True or False: A complete structural diagram shows both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
False
## Footnote
A complete structural diagram focuses on covalent bonds, typically omitting hydrogen details.
76
List the ways hydrocarbons can be represented.
* Chemical formula
* Lewis dot diagram
* Complete structural diagram
* Condensed structural diagram
## Footnote
These representations vary in detail and complexity.
77
What is the primary purpose of naming organic compounds?
To provide a systematic way to name compounds for accurate description of size and structure
## Footnote
Pharmacists and scientists require a standardized naming system for effective communication.
78
Which organization developed the system for naming organic compounds?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
## Footnote
IUPAC is recognized for establishing a systematic nomenclature for chemistry.
79
What do prefixes in the naming system indicate?
The number of carbons within a carbon chain
## Footnote
Prefixes are essential for identifying the length of the carbon chain in organic molecules.
80
What do suffixes in the naming system indicate?
The family the molecule belongs to
## Footnote
Suffixes help categorize organic molecules based on their structural characteristics.
81
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 4 carbons?
but
## Footnote
The prefix 'but' is used for butane, a four-carbon alkane.
82
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 5 carbons?
pent
## Footnote
Pentane is an example of an alkane with five carbon atoms.
83
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 6 carbons?
hex
## Footnote
Hexane refers to a six-carbon alkane.
84
What is the prefix for a carbon chain with 7 carbons?
hept
## Footnote
Heptane is the name given to a seven-carbon alkane.
85
Fill in the blank: A prefix is the first syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the number of _______ in the molecule.
carbon atoms
## Footnote
This definition highlights the role of prefixes in organic nomenclature.
86
Fill in the blank: A suffix is the second syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the _______ of the organic molecule.
family
## Footnote
Suffixes are crucial for identifying the classification of organic compounds.
87
True or False: There are fewer than half a million compounds that do not contain carbon.
True
## Footnote
The text states there are under half a million non-carbon compounds, contrasting with over ten million carbon-containing compounds.
88
True or False: New organic compounds are no longer being added to the list of known compounds.
False
## Footnote
The text indicates that new organic compounds are added daily.
89
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH₄
## Footnote
Methane is the simplest alkane and is a gaseous fuel.
90
What is the chemical formula for ethane?
C₂H₆
## Footnote
Ethane is also a gaseous fuel.
91
What is the chemical formula for propane?
C₃H₈
## Footnote
Propane is used as a gaseous fuel and is a starting compound for plastics.
92
What is the chemical formula for butane?
C₄H₁₀
## Footnote
Butane is commonly used as a gaseous fuel.
93
What is the chemical formula for pentane?
C₅H₁₂
## Footnote
Pentane is utilized as a solvent and liquid fuel.
94
What is the chemical formula for hexane?
C₆H₁₄
## Footnote
Hexane serves as a solvent and liquid fuel.
95
What is the chemical formula for heptane?
C₇H₁₆
## Footnote
Heptane is used as a solvent and liquid fuel.
96
What is the chemical formula for octane?
C₈H₁₈
## Footnote
Octane is an important component in gasoline.
97
What is the chemical formula for nonane?
C₉H₂₀
## Footnote
Nonane is a liquid fuel.
98
What is the chemical formula for decane?
C₁₀H₂₂
## Footnote
Decane is another liquid fuel.
99
What are the applications of methane?
Gaseous fuel
## Footnote
Methane is primarily used as a gaseous fuel.
100
What are the applications of ethane?
Gaseous fuel
## Footnote
Ethane is used as a gaseous fuel.
101
What are the applications of propane?
Gaseous fuel, starting compound for plastics
## Footnote
Propane is versatile and used in various applications.
102
What are the applications of butane?
Gaseous fuel
## Footnote
Butane is mainly used as a gaseous fuel.
103
What are the applications of pentane?
Solvent, liquid fuel
## Footnote
Pentane is effective as a solvent and liquid fuel.
104
What are the applications of hexane?
Solvent, liquid fuel
## Footnote
Hexane is widely used as a solvent and liquid fuel.
105
What are the applications of heptane?
Solvent, liquid fuel
## Footnote
Heptane serves as both a solvent and liquid fuel.
106
What are the applications of octane?
Ingredients in gasoline
## Footnote
Octane is a critical component for gasoline.
107
What are the applications of nonane?
Liquid fuel
## Footnote
Nonane is utilized as a liquid fuel.
108
What are the applications of decane?
Liquid fuel
## Footnote
Decane also functions as a liquid fuel.
109
What is a nonane?
A straight-chain alkane with nine carbon atoms.
110
What is decane?
A straight-chain alkane with ten carbon atoms.
111
What does CH₀ represent?
A molecular formula that implies a hydrocarbon structure.
112
What are Simplified Structural Diagrams?
Shortcuts developed to make drawing and reading molecular structures easier.
113
What is a Molecular Model?
A three-dimensional representation of a molecule.
114
What is liquid fuel?
A type of fuel that is in liquid form, such as jet fuel and diesel.
115
Why are structural diagrams complex?
The structural diagrams of many compounds can become very complex and difficult to draw.
116
What is a Complete Structural Diagram?
A detailed representation showing all atoms and bonds in a molecule.
117
What is a Condensed Structural Diagram?
A simplified representation that groups atoms together without showing all bonds.
118
What is a Line Structural Diagram?
A diagram that uses short lines to show the bonds between carbon atoms.
119
In a Line Structural Diagram, what do the ends of the segments represent?
Carbon atoms.
120
Fill in the blank: The ingredients for _______ and diesel fuel are often hydrocarbons.
jet fuel
121
True or False: The line structural diagram assumes that each segment represents a different element.
False
122
What does each of the five carbon atoms represent in a Line Structural Diagram?
A numbered carbon atom.
123
What is a branched alkane?
An alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it
## Footnote
Branched alkanes differ from straight-chain alkanes due to the presence of these branches.
124
What contributes to a molecule's uniqueness in branched alkanes?
Each new branch attached to the parent chain
## Footnote
The unique arrangement of branches affects the chemical properties of the molecule.
125
Why do so many organic compounds exist?
There are so many possible locations for branches
## Footnote
This variability in branching contributes to the diversity of organic compounds.
126
Fill in the blank: Carbon atoms are like building blocks, and there are a variety of ways they can be _______.
arranged
127
True or False: Branched alkanes always form continuous-chain alkanes.
False
128
What is the main structural feature of branched alkanes?
A long chain with smaller carbon branches attached
## Footnote
This structure allows for complexity in the molecular arrangement.
129
What is a branched alkane?
An alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it
## Footnote
Branched alkanes differ from straight-chain alkanes due to the presence of these branches.
130
What contributes to a molecule's uniqueness in branched alkanes?
Each new branch attached to the parent chain
## Footnote
The unique arrangement of branches affects the chemical properties of the molecule.
131
Why do so many organic compounds exist?
There are so many possible locations for branches
## Footnote
This variability in branching contributes to the diversity of organic compounds.
132
Fill in the blank: Carbon atoms are like building blocks, and there are a variety of ways they can be _______.
arranged
133
True or False: Branched alkanes always form continuous-chain alkanes.
False
134
What is the main structural feature of branched alkanes?
A long chain with smaller carbon branches attached
## Footnote
This structure allows for complexity in the molecular arrangement.
