A GENERAL SURVEY OF SOCIO CULTURAL REFORMS MOVEMENTS Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Who is often called the father of Indian Renaissance and the maker of modern India?
A
Raja Rammohan Roy.
2
Q
Gift to Monotheists (Tuhfat-ul Muwahhidin) is written by?
A
Raja Rammohan Roy in 1809.
He also translated into Bengali the Vedas and the five Upanishads.
3
Q
Atmiya Sabha was founded by?
A
In 1814 Raja Rammohan Roy set up the Atmiya Sabha (or Society of Friends) in Calcutta to propagate the monotheistic ideals of the Vedanta.
He declared that Vedanta is based on reason and that, if reason demanded it, even a departure from the scriptures is justified.
4
Q
Percepts of Jesus is written by?
A
Raja Rammohan Roy in 1820.
He tried to separate the moral and philosophical message of the New Testament.
5
Q
Brahmo Sabha was founded by?
A
Raja Rammohan Roy in August 1828.
Later it was later renamed Brahmo Samaj.
6
Q
Long term agenda of Brahmo Samaj and its twin pillars?
A
- Samaj’s opposition to idolatory and meaningless rituals.
- The long term agenda of the Brahmo Samaj— to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism— was based on the twin pillars of reason and the Vedas and Upanishads.
7
Q
Who organized the Dharma Sabha?
A
Raja Radhakant Deb organised the Dharma Sabha in 1830 to counter Brahmo Samaj propaganda.
8
Q
Features of Brahmo Samaj?
A
- It denounced polytheism and idol worship.
- It discarded faith in divine avatars (incarnations).
- It denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience.
- It took no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of soul and left it to individual Brahmos to believe either way.
- It criticised the caste system.
9
Q
Raj Rammohan Roy supported ________ efforts to found the Hindu College in 1817, while Roy’s English school taught ______&_______.
A
David Hare, mechanics and Voltaire’s philosophy.
10
Q
Who established Vedanta College?
A
Raja Rammohan Roy in 1825, established a Vedanta college where courses in both Indian learning and Western social and physical sciences were offered.
11
Q
Raja Rammohan Roy
1. As a political activist, Roy condemned oppressive practices of Bengali zamindars and demanded fixation of maximum rents. He also demanded abolition of taxes on tax free lands.
2. He called for a reduction of export duties on Indian goods abroad and abolition of the East India Company’s trading rights.
3. He demanded the Indianisation of superior services and separation of the executive from the judiciary. He demanded judicial equality between Indians and Europeans and that trial be held by jury.
4. He supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America and condemned the oppression of Ireland by absentee English landlordism and threatened emigration from the empire if the reform bill was not passed.
True/false?
A
- True
- True
- True
- True.
12
Q
Debendranath Tagore joined the Brahmo Samaj in______.
A
1842.
13
Q
Tattvabodhini sabha was founded by?
A
Debendranath Tagore headed Tattvabodhini Sabha (founded in 1839) which, along with its organ Tattvabodhini Patrika in Bengali, was devoted to the systematic study of India’s past with a rational outlook and to the propagation of Rammohan’s ideas.
14
Q
What is Tattvabodhini Patrika?
A
- It was the organ of Tattwabodhini Sabha.
- The journal was first published on 16th August 1843.
- The Tatvabodhini Sabha and its organ the Tatvabodhini Patrika promoted a systematic study of India‘s past in the Bengali language.
15
Q
Keshab Chandra Sen joined the Brahmo Samaj in?
A
Keshab Chandra Sen was made the acharya by Debendranath Tagore soon after he joined the Samaj in 1858.
Keshab was instrumental in popularizing the movement, and branches of the Samaj were opened outside Bengal— in the United Provinces, Punjab, Bombay, Madras.
16
Q
Why was Keshab Chandra Sen dismissed from the office of acharya of Brahmo Samaj?
A
Debendranath Tagore did not like some of Sen’s ideas which he found to radical, such as cosmopolitanisation of the Samaj’s meetings by inclusion of teachings from all religions and his strong views against the caste system, even open support to inter caste marriages.
Keshab Chandra Sen was dismissed from the office of acharya in 1865.
17
Q
Formation of Adi Brahmo Samaj?
A
Keshab and his followers founded the Brahmo Samaj of India in 1866, while Debendranath Tagore’s Samaj came to be known as the Adi Brahmo Samaj.
18
Q
Formation of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj?
A
In 1878, Keshab’s inexplicable act of getting his thirteen year old daughter married to the minor Hindu Maharaja of Cooch-Behar with all the orthodox Hindu rituals caused another split in Keshab’s Brahmo Samaj.
After 1878, the disgusted followers of Keshab set up a new organization, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.
19
Q
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was started by?
A
- Ananda Mohan Bose
- Shibchandra Deb
- Umesh Chandra Datta.
20
Q
Features of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj?
A
- It reiterated the Brahmo doctrines of faith in a Supreme God, one God.
- The belief that no scripture or man is infallible.
- Belief in the dictates of reason, truth and morality.
21
Q
Dayal Singh College was opened by?
A
In Punjab, the Dayal Singh Trust sought to implant Brahmo ideas by opening of Dayal Singh College at Lahore in 1910.
22
Q
Prarthana Samaj was founded by?
A
- In 1867, Keshab Chandra Sen helped Atmaram Pandurang (founder) found the Prarthana Samaj in Bombay.
- Govind Ranade (chief mentor), R.G. Bhandarkar were associated with it.
23
Q
A precursor of the Prarthana Samaj was?
A
The Paramahansa Sabha.
24
Q
Mahadeo Govind Ranade and Prarthana Samaj?
A
He joined the Samaj in 1870.
His efforts made the samaj gain an all India character.
25
Other leaders of the Prarthana Samaj?
1. R.G. Bhandarkar
2. N.G. Chandavarkar
26
Four point agenda of Prarthana Samaj?
- The emphasis was on monotheism, but on the whole, the samaj was more concerned with the social reforms than with religion.
1. Disapproval of caste system.
2. Women's education.
3. Widow remarriage.
4. Raising the age of marriage for both male and females.
27
Widow Remarriage Movement and Widows' Home Association was founded by?
Mahadeo Govind Ranade and Dhondo Keshav Karve.
28
First Nationalist poet of modern India?
Henry Vivian Derozio.
29
Why was Henry Vivian Derozio removed from the Hindu College?
He taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831.
He was removed from the Hindu College in 1831 because of his radicalism.
30
Young Bengal Movement was started by?
In 1820s and early 1830s, there emerged a radical, intellectual trend among the youth in Bengal, which came to be known as the Young Bengal Movement.
Started by Henry Vivian Derozio.
31
Why Young Bengal Movement had limited success?
1. Prevailing social conditions at that time were not ripe for the adoption of radical ideas.
2. The Derozians lacked any real link with the masses; for instance, they failed to take up the peasants' cause.
3. Their radicalism was bookish in character. But, despite their limitations, the Derozians carried forward Rammohan Roy's tradition of public education on social, economic and political questions.
32
Who described the Derozians as "the pioneers of the modern civilization of Bengal, the conscript fathers of our race whose virtues will excite veneration and whose feelings will be treated with gentlest consideration"?
Surendranath Banerjea.
33
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar became the principal of Sanskrit College in?
In 1850. He was determined to break the priestly monopoly of scriptural knowledge, and for this he opened the Sanskrit College to non-brahmins.
34
He was also a crusader against child marriage and polygamy.
As secretary of Bethune School (established in 1849), he was one of the pioneers of higher education for women in India.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
35
Newspaper Darpan was started by?
Balashastri Jambhekar in 1832.
36
Who is known as the father of Marathi journalism?
Balashastri Jambhekar.
37
Who started Digdarshan?
Balashastri Jambhekar in 1840 started Digdarshan which published articles of scientific subjects as well as history.
38
Bombay Native General Library was founded by?
Balashastri Jambhekar.
39
Native Improvement Society was started by?
Balashastri Jambhekar.
40
Students Literary and Scientific Library was an offshoot of?
Native Improvement Society (started by Balashastri Jambhekar).
41
He was the first professor of Hindi at the Elphinston College besides being a director of the Colaba University?
Balashastri Jambhekar.
42
Paramahansa Mandali was founded by?
- In 1849 in Maharashtra founded by:-
1. Dadoba Pandurang
2. Mehtaji Durgaram and others.
43
Paramahansa Mandali's ideology?
- It began as a secret society that worked to reform Hindu religion and society in general.
- The ideology of the society was closely linked to that of the Manav Dharma Sabha.
- The founders of the mandali were primarily interested in breaking caste rules. At their meetings, food cooked by lower caste people was taken by the members.
44
Truth Seekers Society was founded by?
Jyotiba or Jyotirao Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers Society) in 1873, with the leadership of the samaj coming from the backward classes, malis, telis, kunbis, saris and dhangars.
45
Main aim of Satyashodhak Samaj?
1. Social service
2. Spread of education among women and lower caste people.
46
Phule's works, ________ and Gulamgiri became sources of inspiration for the common masses.
Sarvajanik Satyadharma.
47
Jyotirao Phule used the symbol of ______ as opposed to the brahmins symbol of Rama.
Rajah Bali.
48
Jyotirao Phule with the help of his wife, Savitribai opened a girls school at Poona; he was a pioneer of widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and also opened a home for widows in _____.
1854.
49
Jyotirao Phule was awarded the title ______ for his social reform work?
Mahatama on May 11, 1888, by Maharashtrian social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar.
50
Who is also known by the name Lokahitawadi?
Gopalhari Deshmukh.
51
The weekly newspaper "Prabhakar" was started by _____.
Bhau Mahajan.
Gopalhari Deshmukh held the post of a judge under British raj, but wrote for a weekly Prabhakar under the pen name of Lokahitawadi. Gopalhari wrote his hundred letters, the famous 'Shatpatre' in this.
52
Who said, "If religion does not sanction social reform, then change religion."?
Gopalhari Deshmukh.
53
Weekly newspapers started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh?
Hitechhu.
54
Periodicals started by Gopalhari Deshmukh?
He played a leading role in founding the periodicals, Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash, and Lokahitwadi.
55
New English School was founded by?
In 1880 Vishnushastri Chiplunkar, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar established the New English School, one of the first native-run schools offering Western education in Pune.
56
Deccan Education Society was founded by?
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar started the Deccan Education Society in 1884 in Pune.
- M.G. Ranade, V.G. Chibdonkar.
57
Fergusson College was founded by?
It was founded in 1885 by the Vaman Shriram Apte, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Vishnushashtri Chiplunkar, Mahadeo Ballal Namjoshi and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
58
He was a cofounder of the New English School, the Deccan Education Society and the Fergusson College.
He was a principal of Fergusson College.
Who is he?
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
59
Who was the first editor of kesari, the journal started by Lokmanya Tilak?
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
60
Periodical Sudharak was started by?
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar.
The periodical spoke against untouchability and the caste system.
61
The Servants of India Society was founded by?
Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 with the help of M.G. Ranade.
62
What was the aim of The Servants of India Society?
1. To train national missionaries for the service of India.
2. To promote, by all constitutional means, the true interests of the Indian people.
3. To prepare a cadre of selfless workers who were to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit.
63
Famous newspaper 'The Hitavada' was founded by?
Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1911.
64
After Gopal Krishna Gokhale's death in 1915 who took over as the President?
Srinivasa Shastri.
65
Social Service League was founded by and its aim?
Narayan Malhar Joshi in Bombay (1911) with an aim to secure for the masses better and reasonable conditions of life and work.
66
All India Trade Union Congress was founded by?
In Bombay in 1920 by
1. Narayan Malhar Joshi
2. Lala Lajpat Rai (1st President)
3. Joseph Baptista
4. Diwan Chaman Lall.
67
Ramakrishna Paramahansa, a poor priest at the Kali temple in Dakshineshwar, on the outskirts of Calcutta found many followers.
He was known in childhood by the name________.
Gadadhar Chattopadhay.
68
Objectives of Ramakrishna Movement?
1. To bring into existence a band of monks, dedicated to a life of renunciation and practical spirituality, from among whom teachers and workers would be sent out to spread the universal message of Vedanta as illustrated in the life of Ramakrishna.
2. In conjunction with lay disciples to carry on preaching, philanthropic and Charitable works, looking upon all men, women and children, irrespective of caste, creed or colour, as veritable manifestations of the Divine.
69
How were the objectives of Ramakrishna movement achieved?
1. Paramahamsa himself laid the foundations of the Ramakrishna Math with his young monastic disciples as a nucleus to fulfil the first objective.
2. The second objective/was taken up by Swami Vivekananda after Ramakrishna's death when he founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.
- The headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission are at Belur near Calcutta.
- The two are twin organisations, though legally and financially separate.
70
Ramakrishna Paramahansa was married to?
- Saradmani Mukherjee, later known as Sarada Devi.
- Ramakrishna considered Sarada as the embodiment of the Divine Mother. It was as 'holy mother' that the disciples also knew her as.
71
Narendranath Datta who later came to be known as _______ was the preacher of neo-Hinduism.
Swami Vivekananda.
72
What formed the basis of Vivekananda's message to the world about human value?
1. Spiritual experiences of Ramakrishna.
2. Teachings of the Upanishads and Gita.
3. Examples of Buddha and Jesus.
73
What was the mission of Swami Vivekananda?
- He subscribed to the Vedanta which he considered a fully rational system with a superior approach.
- His mission was to bridge the gulf between *paramartha* (service) and *vyavahara* (behaviour), and between spirituality and day to day life.
74
Who said, "For our own motherland a junction of the two great systems, Hinduism and Islam, is the only hope."?
Swami Vivekananda, he believed in the fundamental oneness of God.
75
Swami Vivekananda pointed out that the masses needed two kinds of knowledge. What are they?
1. Secular knowledge about how to work for their economic uplift.
2. Spiritual knowledge to have faith in themselves and strengthen their moral sense.
76
Who founded the Ramakrishna Mission?
In 1897 Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission.
77
Arya Samaj movement founded by?
The movement, revivalist in form though not in content, was founded by Dayananda Saraswati or Mulshankar.
78
The first Arya Samaj unit was formally set up by Dayananada Saraswati in and at?
Bombay in 1875 and later the headquarters of the Samaj were established at Lahore.
79
*Satyarth Prakash* is written by?
Satyarth Prakash (The True Exposition) was written by Dayananada Saraswati.
80
Dayananada Saraswati's vision of India included a classless and casteless society, a unified India (religiously, socially and nationally), and an India free from foreign rule, with ________ religion being the common religion of all.
Aryan.
81
He took inspiration from the Vedas and considered them to be 'India's Rock of Ages', the infallible and the true original seed of Hinduism.
He gave the slogan "Back to the Vedas."
Who is he?
Dayananada Saraswati.
82
What does Dayananada Saraswati's slogan 'Back to the Vedas' mean?
'Back to the Vedas' was a call for a revival of Vedic learning and Vedic purity of religion and not revival of Vedic times.
83
Dayananada Saraswati had received education on Vedanta from a blind teacher named?
Swami Virajananda in Mathura.
84
Hindu scriptures and beliefs criticized by Dayananada Saraswati?
And Hindu beliefs that he believed in?
- Criticized
1. Puranas
2. Maya (illusion) as the running theme of all physical existence.
3. Moksha (salvation) as the aim of human life to be attained through struggle.
4. Niyati (destiny)- every individual contributed and got back from the society according to the principles of niyati.
- Believed in
1. Theory of karma
2. Theory of reincarnation
3. God, soul and matter (prakriti) were distinct and eternal entities and every individual had to work out his own salvation.
85
1. Dayananda launched a frontal attack on Hindu orthodoxy, caste rigidities, untouchability, idolatry, polytheism, belief in magic, charms and animal sacrifices, taboo on sea voyages, feeding the dead through shraddhas, etc.
2. Dayananda subscribed to the Vedic notion of chaturvarna system in which a person was identified as a brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya or shudra not by birth but according to the occupation and merit of the person.
True/false?
1. True
2. True.
86
Minimum marriageable age according to Arya Samaj?
25 for boys and 16 for girls.
87
Who once lamented the Hindu race as "the children of children."?
Dayananada Saraswati.
88
The Dayananada Anglo Vedic (D.A.V.) College was established in, at?
1886 at Lahore.
89
A difference of opinion between two groups in the Arya samaj arose over the curriculum of the D.A.V. College. What were the two groups formed?
1. _College Party (Culture Party)_– leaders were:-
- Lala Hansraj
- Lala Lal Chand
- Lala Lajpat Rai
2. _Mahatama (later Gurukul) Party_– led by:-
- Guru Vidyarthi
- Lala Munshi Ram (who later came to be known as Swami Shraddhanand).
90
Differences between College Party and Mahatama Party?
1. While the College Party favoured the govemnment curriculum and English education to meet economic and professional needs, the Mahatma Party was interested in introducing the study of Sanskrit and Vedic interested philosophy in the tradition of ancient gurukuls.
2. Later, the issue of vegetarianism also became a point of contention:
the College Party had nothing against non-vegetarianism claiming that diet was a personal choice and it was not mentioned in the principles of the samaj; the Mahatma Party was in favour of all the Aryas being strict vegetarians. In the end the Arya Samaj split in 1893 over these issues.
91
Arya Samaj after 1893 split?
1. The College Party retained control over the D.A.V. School and College.
2. While the Arya Partinidhi Sabha, Punjab and a majority of the local Arya Samaj branches were taken over by the Mahatma Party.
92
_______ opened the Gurukul in 1900 at Gujranwala.
Swami Shraddhanand.
In 1902, the Gurukul was moved to Kangri near Haridwar, hence the name, Gurukul Kangri.
93
The Gurukul (1900) aimed at?
1. Providing an indigenous alternative to Lord Macaulay's education policy by offering education in the areas of vedic literature, Indian philosophy, Indian culture as well as modern sciences and research.
2. The Gurukul believed in the radical social reform. It founded the Kanya Mahavidyalaya at Jalandhar in 1896, and sponsored education for widows.
94
Seva Sadan was founded by?
Behramji M. Malabari, founded the Seva Sadan in 1908 along with a friend, Diwan Dayaram Gidumal.
95
Who acquired and edited "The Indian Spectator"?
Behramji Malabari.
96
Dev Samaj was founded by?
Founded in 1887 at Lahore by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri. He spoke against child marriage.
97
Dev Samaj's teaching were compiled in a book named?
What were the teachings?
1. Book Dev Shastra.
2. Teachings were
- emphasis on eternity of the soul.
- the supremacy of the guru.
- not accepting bribes.
- avoiding intoxicants and non vegetarian food.
98
Ideals of Dharma Sabha?
1. Opposed even the abolition of sati.
2. Favoured the promotion of Western Education, even for girls.
99
Bharat Dharma Mahamandala (1902) was formed by combining of which organizations?
1. Sanatana Dharma Sabha (1895)
2. The Dharma Maha Parishad in South India.
3. Dharma Mahamandali in Bengal.
These organizations combined in 1902 to form the single organisation of Bharat Dharma Mahamandala, with its headquarters at Varanasi.
100
Purpose of establishing Bharat Dharma Mahamandala (1902)?
To defend the orthodox Hinduism against the teachings of the Arya Samajists, the Theosophists, and the Ramakrishna Mission.
101
Which leader was associated with Bharat Dharma Mahamandal 1902?
- Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was a prominent figure in this movement.
- Deen Faya Sharma
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale (founders).
102
Radhaswami Movement was founded by?
- Tulsi Ram aka Shiv Dayal Saheb in 1861.
- Radhaswamis believe in one supreme being, supremacy of the guru, a company of pious people (satsang).
- Spiritual attainment they believe, does not call for renunciation of the worldly life. They consider all religions to be true.
103
Example of a regional movement born out of conflict between the depressed classes and upper castes?
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Pariplana (SNDP) Movement.
104
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Pariplana (SNDP) Movement was started by?
Sree Narayana Guru Swamy among the Ezhavas of kerela, who were a backward caste of toddy-tappers.
105
What was the Aruvippuram Movement?
- Sree Narayana Guru, took a stone from the Neyyar river and installed it as a Sivalinga at Aruvippuram on Sivaratri in 1888.
- It was intended to show that consecration of an idol was not the monopoly of the higher castes.
106
The Aruvippuram movement drew the famous poet _________ as a disciple of Narayana Guru.
Kumaran Asan.
107
Aruvippuram Ksetra Yogam was formed in?
In 1889, to help the Ezhavas to progress materially as well as spiritually.
108
When was the SNDP registered and who was its chairman and general secretary?
The Aruvippuram Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Pariplana Yogam (SNDP) was registered in 1903 under the Indian Companies Act, with the Narayana Guru as its permanent chairman, and Kumaran Asan as the general secretary.
In the formation of Dr Paplu must be acknowledged.
109
Vokkaliga Sangha in _______ launched an anti-brahmin movement in 1905.
Mysore.
110
Justice Party Movement was started by?
- Started in Madras Presidency by
1. C.N. Mudaliar
2. Dr T.M. Nair
3. P. Tyagaraja Chetti on behalf of intermediate castes (1916).
- To secure jobs and representation for the non Brahmins in the legislature.
- In 1917, Madras Presidency Association was formed which demanded separate representation for the lower castes in the legislature.
- Against domination of brahmins in government service, education and political field.
- The south Indian Liberation Federation (SILF official name for Justice Party) was formed in 1916.
- Their efforts yielded in the passing of 1930 Government Order providing reservations to groups.
111
______, a prominent social reformer and editor of *Deshabhimani*, took up the issue of temple entry with the Travancore administration.
T.K. Madhavan.
112
Vaikom Satyagraha?
1. In 1924 in northern part of Travancore, in Kerela.
2. Led by K.P kesava.
3. Demanding the throwing open of Hindu temples and roads to the untouchables.
4. Satyagraha was reinforced by jathas from Punjab and Madurai. Gandhi undertook a tour of Kerala in support of the movement.
113
Who is known as the 'singing sword of Kerela'?
Subramaniyam Tirumambu.
114
Again in 1931 when the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended, temple entry movement was organized in Kerela.
Inspired by _______, poet Subramaniyam Tirumambu (the, singing sword of Kerela') led a group of sixteen volunteers to Guruvayur.
K. Kelappan.
115
Leaders like ______ and _______ were among the satyagrahis in temple entry movement in Kerela.
Finally, on _______, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a proclamation throwing open all government controlled temples to all Hindus.
A similar step was taken by the_____ administration in Madras in 1938.
- Leaders like P. Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan.
- November 12, 1936.
- C. Rajagopalachari.
116
Indian Social Conference was founded by?
Founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao, the Indian Social Conference met annually from its first session in Madras in 1887.
117
What was the Pledge Movement?
- Pledge movement was founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao.
- Indian National Conference advocated inter caste marriages, opposed polygamy and kulinism.
- It launched the 'Pledge Movement' to inspire people to take a pledge against child marriage.
118
Wahabi/Walliullah Movement was inspired by the teachings of?
The teachings of Abdul Wahab of Arabia and the preachings of Shah Walliullah inspired this essentially revivalists response to western influences.
The teachings of Walliullah were further popularized by Syed Ahmed Barelvi (founder of the Wahabi Movement) and Shah Abdul Aziz.
119
Two fold ideals of Wahabi/Walliullah Movement?
1. Desirability of harmony among the four schools of Muslim jurisprudence which had divided the Indian Muslims (he sought to integrate the best elements of the four schools).
2. Recognition of the role of the individual conscience in religion where conflicting interpretations were derived from the Quran and the Hadis.
120
Meaning of *dar-ul-Harb* and *dar-ul-Islam*?
According to Syed Ahmed India was considered to be land of *Dar-ul-Harb*– land of Kafirs and it need to be converted to *Dar-ul-Islam*– land of Islam.
121
Titu Mir's Movement was founded by?
- Mir Nathar Ali, popularly known as Titu Mir, was a disciple of Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi, the founder of the Wahabi Movement.
Titu Mir adopted Wahabism and advocated the sharia.
- He organized the Muslim peasants of Bengal against the landlords, who were mostly Hindu and the British indigo planters.
122
Faraizi movement was founded by?
Also called the Fara'idi Movement was founded by Haji Shariatullah in 1818.
123
Aim of Faraizi Movement?
- Aimed at the eradication of social innovations or un-Islamic practices current among the Muslims of the region and draw their attention to their duties as Muslims.
- Under the leadership of Haji's son Dudu Mian, the movement became revolutionary from 1840 onwards.
- The organization even established its own Law courts.
124
Ahmadiyya Movement (Qadiani in Punjab) was founded by?
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889.
- It was based on liberal principles.
- It described itself as the standard-bearer of Mohammedan Renaissance, opposing jihad (sacred war against non Muslims).
- The Ahmadiyya community is the only Islamic sect to believe that the Messiah had come in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed to end religious wars and bloodshed and to reinstate morality, peace and justice.
125
The British view on the revolt of 1857 held the Muslims to be the main conspirators. This view was further strengthened by the activities of the Wahabis.
True/false?
True.
126
In which year Syed Ahmed Khan became a member of the Imperial Legislative Council and in which year he earned a knighthood?
- Syed Ahmad Khan was a loyalist member of the judicial service of the British government.
- After retirememt in 1876, he became a member of the Imperial Legislative Council.
- His loyalty earned him a knighthood in 1888.
127
Aligarh Muslim University was started by whom in which year?
- Syed Ahmad Khan started the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (later, the Aligarh Muslim University) at Aligarh in 1875.
- He opposed purdah and polygamy, advocating easy divorce, and condemning the system of piri and murirdi. He believed in the fundamental underlying unity of religions or practical morality.
128
Magazine *Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq* (Improvement of Manners and Morals) belongs to?
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's progressive social ideas were propagated through his magazine *Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq* (Improvement of Manners and Morals).
129
The Deoband School (Darul Uloom) was started by?
- The Deoband School was organized by the orthodox section among the Muslims ulema as a revivalist movement.
- The Deoband School was begun at the Darul Uloom (or Islamic academic centre) in 1886 by Mohammed Qasim Nanotavi and Rashid Ahmed Gangohi (founders) to train religious leaders for the Muslim community.
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Mahmud-ul-Hasan, Shibli Numani were people associated with it.
130
Aim and objectives of The Deoband School (Darul Uloom)?
- Aim– moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community.
- Objectives:-
1. Propagating pure teachings of the Quran and Hadis among Muslims.
2. Keeping alive the spirit of jihad against the foreign rulers.
131
Deoband School issued a fatwa (religious decree) against?
The Deoband School welcomed the formation of the Indian National Congress and in 1888 issued a fatwa (religious decree) against Syed Ahmed Khan's, the United Patriotic Association and the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental Association.
132
Who founded the Nadwatal Ulama and Darul Uloom in Lucknow in 1894-96?
- Shibli Numani, a supporter of the Deoband school, favoured the inclusion of English language and European sciences in the system of education.
- He believed in the idealism of Congress and cooperation between the Muslims and the Hindus of India to create a state in which both could live amicably.
133
The Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious Reform Association) was founded by?
- This Parsi Reform movement was founded in 1851 by a group of English educated Parsis for the "regeneration of the social conditions of the Parsis and the restoration of the Zoroastrian religion to its pristine purity".
- The movement had Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama and S.S. Bengalee add its leaders.
134
Message of The Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious Reform Association) the Parsi Reform movements was spread by which newspaper?
Rast Goftar (Truth Teller).
135
Objective of The Singh Sabha movement?
1. To make available modern western education to the Sikhs. (A network of Khalsa schools was established throughout Punjab).
2. To counter the proselytizing activities of Christian missionaries as well as the Brahmo Samajists, Arya Samajists and Muslim Maulvis.(Everything that went against the Gurus' teachings was rejected, and rites and customs considered to be consistent with the Sikh doctrine were sought to be established.
136
Aim of The Akali Movement?
- The Akali movement (aslo know as Gurudwara Reform Movement) was an offshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement. It was a regional movement but not a communal one.
- It aimed at liberating the Sikh gurdwaras from the control of corrupt Udasi mahants (the post having become hereditary).
137
Sikh Gurudwaras Act 1922?
It was amended in 1925 which gave the control of the gurudwaras to the Sikh masses to be administered through Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) as the apex body.
138
The Theosophical Movement/Society was founded by?
Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott, who were inspired by Indian thought and culture, founded the Theosophical Society in New York City, United States in 1875.
In 1882, they shifted their headquarters to Adyar, on the outskirts of Madras.
139
Aim of Theosophical Society?
Theosophical Society accepted the Hindu beliefs in reincarnation and karma, and drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads and samkhya, yoga and Vedanta schools of thought. It aimed to work for universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or colour.
140
Theosophical Movement in India became popular with the election of?
With the election of Annie Besant as its President after the death of Olcott in 1907.
141
What became the nucleus for the formation of Benares Hindu University in 1916?
Annie Besant had come to India in 1893. She laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benares in 1898 where both Hindu religion and Western scientific subjects were taught. The college became the nucleus for the formation of Benares Hindu University in 1916.
