A level Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Specific Charge (Ckg-1)
A
(Charge(C))/(Mass (kg))
2
Q
Time period
A
1/Frequency
3
Q
Wave speed
A
f λ
4
Q
Power of a laser
A
photons per second x energy of photon
(P = n(hf))
5
Q
Rest Energy equation
A
E0=mc2
6
Q
1 MeV in Joules
A
1 x 10^6 eV = 1.6 x 10^-13 J
7
Q
Conservation in lepton interactions
A
Charge, electron lepton, muon numbers must be conserved.
8
Q
Leptons
A
Interact with weak nuclear force and electromagnetic.
9
Q
Hadrons
A
Interact with strong nuclear force. Made of quarks.
10
Q
Groups of Hadrons
A
Baryons (qqq) and mesons (qq)
11
Q
Strangeness conservation
A
Conserved in strong interactions but not in weak.
12
Q
1 eV in Joules
A
1.6 x 10^-19 J
(Charge of electron)
13
Q
Photon energy
A
hf = hc/λ
14
Q
Work function (φ)
A
hfmin (threshold freq)
15
Q
Energy equation involving work function
A
hf = φ + Ekmax
16
Q
Energy equations to find stopping potentail
A
E= VQ
Ekmax = Vse (v x charge of e)
17
Q
Photoelectric effect equation in terms of stopping potential
A
hf = φ + Vse
18
Q
photon energy for energy levels
A
hf = E1 - E2
19
Q
de Broglie wavelength
A
λ=h/p= h/mv
20
Q
Longitudinal wave
A
Direction of the wave oscillations is parallel to the direction of energy propagation.
21
Q
Transverse wave
A
Direction of wave oscillations is perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation.
22
Q
Wavefront
A
Line where all waves are equal distance from the source and are in phase with each other.
23
Q
Wave speed equation
A
c= f λ
24
Q
Fundamental frequency
A
f0=1/2L √(T/μ)
25
Fringe spacing
w = ( λD)/s
26
Diffraction equation
n λ= d sinθn
27
Absolute refractive index
(speed of light in vacuum (c))/(Speed of light in medium (Cs))
28
Relative refractive index
1n2=C1/C2 = n2/n1
29
Snell's Law equation
n1sinθ1= n2sinθ2
30
Critical angle
sinθc=n2/n1 = 1n2
31
Velocity equation
v= ∆s/∆t
32
Acceleration equation
a=∆v/∆t
33
Suvat equations
v=u+ at, S= ((u+v))/2, v2= u2 + 2as, S= ut+1/2at2, S= vt- 1/2at2
34
Resultant force equation
FR= ma
35
Resultant force in terms of momentum
FR= (∆(mv))/∆t
36
Impulse equation
I = FR t = ∆(mv)
37
Work done equation
W = F s cosθ
38
Kinetic energy equation
Ek = 1/2mv2
39
Potential energy equation
Ep= m g ∆h
40
Mechanical Power equation
p = ∆W/∆t = Fv
41
Efficiency formula
Eff(%) = (useful energy(power)output)/(energy (power)input)x 100
42
Moment equation
г = F xd
43
conditions for distance in moment
d is perp distance of line of action of force from pivot.
44
Couple equation
couple = F x d
## Footnote
F is magnitude of ONE of 2 forces, d is per distance of 2 forces, equal magnitude acting.
45
46
What is the formula for density?
Density ρ = m/v
47
What is Hooke's Law?
Hooke’s Law F = k ∆L (elastic – region of proportionality)
48
How do you calculate equivalent spring constant for series springs?
1/Kt = (1/k1 + 1/k2 + ⋯)^-1
49
How do you calculate equivalent spring constant for parallel springs?
Kt = k1 + k2 + …
50
What is the formula for elastic potential energy stored in a spring?
EEPE = 1/2 F x , EEPE = 1/2 kx²
51
What is the Young modulus formula?
E = (tensile stress)/(tensile strain) = σ/ε = Fl/Ax
52
What is the formula for tensile stress?
Tensile stress σ = F/A = E x ε
53
What is the formula for tensile strain?
Tensile strain ε = ∆L/L = x/l = σ/E
54
What is the formula for elastic strain energy ?
EESE = 1/2 x stress x strain = 1/2σ ε
55
How do you calculate the energy (ESE) stored in a wire?
EESE x wire volume = 1/2σ ε x A x L₀
56
What is the formula for current?
Current I = ∆Q/∆t
57
What is the formula for voltage?
Voltage V = W/Q
58
What is Ohm's Law Equation?
Resistance v = IR
59
What is the formula for resistivity?
Resistivity ρ = RA/L
60
What does Kirchhoff’s 1st Law state?
The algebraic sum of currents flowing into ANY junction in a circuit is zero.
61
What does Kirchhoff’s 2nd Law state?
In any closed loop of a circuit, the algebraic sum of the EMFs is equal to the algebraic sum of the products of current and resistance.
62
How do you calculate total resistance in series?
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + …
63
How do you calculate total resistance in parallel?
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ⋯
64
What is the formula for power?
Power P = VI = I²R = V/R
65
What is the formula for EMF?
Emf ε = E/Q , ε = I (R + r)
66
How do you write a value with uncertainty?
Mean + ½ x range
67
How do you handle uncertainty when adding and subtracting?
Add absolute uncertainty.
68
How do you handle uncertainty when multiplying and dividing?
Add percentage uncertainty.
69
What is the formula for % error?
(Difference between experimental value and true value)/(true value)
70
What is the formula for linear speed?
v = 2πr/T = 2πrf = rw
71
What is the formula for angular displacement?
θ = 2πt/T = 2πtf
72
What is the formula for angular speed?
ω = θ/t = 2π/t = 2πf
73
What is the formula for centripetal acceleration?
a = v²/r = ω²r = vw
74
What is the formula for centripetal force?
F = (mv²)/r = mw²r = mvω
75
What is the formula for force at the top of a hill?
F = (mv²)/r = mg - s, When s=0, v₀ = √gr
76
What is the formula for force in a big dipper?
F = s - mg = (mv²)/r
## Footnote
Rearrange for s.
77
What is the formula for force in a very long swing?
s - mg = (mv²)/L
78
What is the formula relating speed and height?
v² = 2gh
79
What is the formula for acceleration in simple harmonic motion?
a = -ω²x
80
What is the formula for velocity in simple harmonic motion?
v = + ω√(A² - x²)
81
What is the formula for maximum velocity in simple harmonic motion?
vmax = ωA
82
What is the formula for maximum acceleration in simple harmonic motion?
amax = ω²A
83
What is the formula for the period of a mass-spring system?
T = 2π√(m/k)
84
What is the formula for the period of a simple pendulum?
T = 2π√(l/g)
85
What is the formula for energy in temperature change?
Q = mc∆θ
86
What is the formula for energy in state change?
Q = ml
87
What is the ideal gas law?
pV = nRT, pV = NkT
88
What is Boyle's Law?
PV = constant
89
What is Charles’ Law?
V/T = constant
90
What is the Pressure Law?
p/T = constant
91
What is the kinetic theory model?
pV = 1/3Nm(crms)²
92
What is the formula for kinetic energy of a gas molecule?
1/2m (crms)² = 3/2kT = 3RT/2Nₐ
93
What is the combination of the pressure laws
pV/T = constant
94
95
What is the formula for Force between two masses?
F = GMm/r^2
96
How is gravitational field strength (g) calculated?
g = F/m
97
What is the magnitude of gravitational field strength in a radial field (g)?
g = GM/r^2
98
What is the formula for work done (w) in gravitational field?
w = mΔV
99
What is the gravitational potential (V)?
V = -GM/r
100
How is gravitational field strength (g) related to potential difference?
g = -ΔV/Δr
101
What is the formula for Force between two point charges?
F = kQq/r^2
102
How is the force on a charge calculated?
f = EQ
103
What is the field strength for a uniform field (E)?
E = V/d
104
What is the formula for work done in an electric field?
w = QΔV
105
What is the electric field strength for a radial field?
E = kQ/r^2
106
What is the electric potential (V)?
V = kQ/r
107
How is electric field strength (E) related to potential difference?
E = ΔV/Δr
108
What is the formula for capacitance (C)?
C = Q/V , C = Aε0εr/d
109
What is the energy stored in a capacitor (E)?
E = 1/2 QV, E = 1/2 C V^2, E = Q^2/(2C)
110
What is the charging formula for a capacitor?
Q = Q0(1 - e^(-t/RC)),
V = V0(1 - e^(-t/RC)),
I = I0 e^(-t/RC)
111
What is the discharging formula for a capacitor?
Q = Q0 e^(-t/RC)
V = V0 e^(-t/RC)
I = I0 e^(-t/RC)
112
What is the time constant (τ) for a capacitor?
τ = RC
113
What is the formula for force in a magnetic field?
F = BIl
114
What is the formula for force on a charge in a magnetic field?
F = BQv
F = Bev
115
What is the formula for magnetic flux (φ)?
φ = BA
116
What is the formula for magnetic flux linkage?
Nφ = BANcosθ
117
How is induced emf (ε) calculated?
ε = N(Δφ/Δt)
118
What is the induced emf in a rotating coil?
ε = BANω sin(ωt)
119
How is the root mean square current (Irms) calculated?
Irms = I0/√2
120
How is the root mean square voltage (Vrms) calculated?
Vrms = V0/√2
121
What are the transformer equations?
Ns/Np = Vs/Vp = Ip/Is
122
How is efficiency (%) calculated for a transformer?
Efficiency (%) = IsVs/IpVp
123
What is the inverse square law for γ radiation?
I = k / x^2
124
What are the formulas for radioactive decay?
(ΔN) / (Δt) = -λN , N = N0 e^(-λt)
125
What is the formula for activity (A)?
A = λN
126
How is half-life (t½) calculated?
t½ = (ln(2)) / λ
127
What is the formula for nuclear radius (R)?
R = R0 A^(1/3)
128
What is the energy mass equation (binding energy)?
E = mc^2
