A-Level Geography: Superpowers EQ3 Flashcards
(32 cards)
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
Why is the Artic a contested region?
- The USGS estimates that the Artic contains one-eighth of the world’s untapped oil and a quarter of its gas.
- Melting sea ice allows for shipping routes over the ‘top of the world.’
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What is the recent reasons for the increasing political and military tension?
- The increased accessibility of mineral wealth beneath the Artic and new trade routes from the thawing ice.
- Countries filing claims to the UN Convention on the law of the sea about rights to land being an extension of a countries continental shelf. However, most of these claims overlap.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What was the Artic supposed to be under international law until the recent claims over it?
Under international law, the high seas including the North Pole and the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it, are not owned by any country. The five surrounding Arctic countries are limited to an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles adjacent to their coasts.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What does Artic drilling for oil depend on?
High global oil prices. This is because the cost of production in the Artic is expensive.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
How has the melting sea ice allowed for shipping over the ‘top of the world?’
In 2014, 71 Cargo ships sailed these passages compared to the 46 in 2012.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
Why is intellectual property hard to protect?
Increasing counterfeiting and the difficult classification of and individual idea - how different does an invention have to be to be considered ‘new’?
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
Why is patenting important to TNCs?
- Patenting is important for TNCs, since having a unique selling point is crucial for profits.
- Large amounts of money are paid in legal fees each year by TNCs trying to stop other companies using their ideas. e.g. in May 2018 Korean company Samsung was ordered to pay $539m to the American company Apple after a US court agreed they had copied patented features from the iPhone.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What is real example of patenting in the mobile phone market?
In May 2018 Korean company Samsung was ordered to pay $539m to the American company Apple after a US court agreed they had copied patented features from the iPhone.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What is patenting?
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What is Bangkok’s Patpong district known for?
Fake and illegal clothes, watches. luggage, jewelry, DVDs and software.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What could a fake pair of Birkenstocks be priced at?
They could cost around 200 baht a pair (£3.50).
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
Why is faking brands illegal?
Illegal and constitutes an international crime against intellectual property rights (IPR) under WTO rules.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What does Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) imply for WTO members?
WTO members guarantee copyright protection covering everything from performance rights and designs and trademarks, to confidential information.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What does protecting patents imply?
It implies that new innovations cannot be copied or pirated.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
How does counterfeiting strain trade relations?
It threatens TNC investment since it fails to guarantee trading partner’s goods to not be undercut by counterfeits.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What does Russia consider its sphere of influence?
Russia considers its sphere of influence to be parts of Eastern Europe as most people are ethnic Russians and the majority of people speak Russian as their first language.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What did most of the Eastern European states seek to do after the collapse of the USSR?
After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, many Eastern European countries felt a desire for independence and break away from Russian influence. Many wish to join the EU.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
Why did many Eastern European states seek to join the EU? How many joined in 2004?
- They looked westward for economic assistance. Eight joined the EU in 2004.
- Europe’s economic aid for poor regions and human rights guarantees (through the).
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What are signs of increased tension between Western Europe and Russia?
- EU and US economic sanctions following the 2014 annexation of Crimea.
- Open conflict in Crimea and Georgia has led to the displacement of people.
- NATO deployed additional air and ground forces along the eastern border in Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What are examples of Chinese companies infringing intellectual property?
- 22 fake Apple stores were found in China in 2011.
- In 2013, the UN estimated 70% of all the world’s counterfeit originate from China.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What are China’s claims over the South China Sea?
Its claims are expressed by a line known as the ‘nine-dash line.’
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
Why are China’s claims not accurate?
The claims are based on historical reasons, namely that the Parcel and Spratly islands were once regarded as Chinese. Vietnam disagrees with this and has documents to prove it has actively ruled over the islands since the 17th century.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
What were China’s recent strategy to defend/reinforce its claims in the Spratly Islands?
- In 2014, China began constructing an airport on reclaimed land on Fiery Cross Reef.
- In 2015, China began the construction of a port and possibly an airport on Mischief Reef.
- In 2015, Subi Reef appeared to e being developed into a Chinese military base.
7.7 Global influence is contested in a number of different economic, environmental and political spheres.
How does the US respond to China’s increased presence in the South China Sea?
India and the US are worried about the military threat China poses, as it has many allies in the region, but does not want to go to war with China. The US regularly sends military ships and planes to ensure access to key shipping and air routes.
