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Audiology > A N P of Auditory System > Flashcards

A N P of Auditory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Peripheral Auditory System

A

Outer, Middle, Inner Ears, 8th Cranial Nerve (Vestibulocochlear)

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2
Q

Outer Ear Primary Structures

A

The Pinna (Auricle) and External Auditory Meatus (Ear Canal)

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3
Q

Pinna

A

External Ear, made of cartilage covered with skin.
Has characteristic folds
Resonant frequency at 1500 Hz
Same side localization

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4
Q

First 1/3 of external auditory canal is made of…

A

Cartilage, continuous with that of pinna

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5
Q

Inner 2/3 of Ex. Aud. Canal is…

A

the osseous/ bony portion.

Course through part of the temporal bone of skull

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6
Q

Osseocartilaginous Junction

A

Where the cartilaginous and osseous portions of ear canal meet

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7
Q

External Auditory Meatus

A

Direct Sound to Ear Drum
Situate eardrum deep to protect it from trauma
Often have a curve to enhance protection
Produces cerumen
Resonator tube, between 2,700 - 3,400 Hz, Increases by 10-20 dB

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8
Q

Cerumen

A

Help repel foreign bodies from entering the ear

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9
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Eardrum, Separates the outer and middle ear
Made of 3 Layers
1. Skin that is found in bony portion of ear canal
2. Fibrous connective tissue, allows to vibrate
3. Mucous Membrane
Can be divided into 4 quadrants
Semitransparent

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10
Q

Pars Tensa

A

Stiff, lots of fibrous tissue
Largest surface area of ear drum
Vibrates maximally

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11
Q

Pars Flaccida

A

Superior part of ear drum, no fibrous tissue

Vibrates minimally

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12
Q

Manubrium

A

Handle of the Malleus,

1 o’clock in the left ear 11 o’clock in the right ear

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13
Q

Otoscope

A

Allows one to see in ear canal

A healthy ear will reflect back a cone of light in anterior/inferior quadrant

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14
Q

Middle Ear Space

A

Air-filled space lined with mucous membrane

Irregularly shaped cavity

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15
Q

Tegmen Tympani

A

On the top

Thin layer of bone that separates the middle ear cavity from the brain

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16
Q

Fundus Tympani

A

On the floor

Thin plate of bone that separates the middle ear from the jugular bulb

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17
Q

Mastoid

A 
Posteriorly
Pneumatized bone (bone containing air pockets)
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18
Q

Ossicles/Ossicular Chain

A

The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

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19
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Leads to nasopharynx
Normally closed, opens when yawning, chewing, swallow
Keeps pressure in middle ear space at atmospheric

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20
Q

The middle ear is also an…

A

impedance-matching device

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21
Q

3 ways middle ear enhances sound intensity

A
  1. Lots of pressure on “big” eardrum, all transferred to tiny stapes, boost of 23 dB
  2. Tympanic Membrane is curved so more movement on curved aspects less near manubrium
  3. The ossicular chain is like a lever so it naturally increases sound pressure, provides boost of 2.4 dB
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22
Q

Middle Ear Muscles

A

Stapedius Muscle and Tensor Tympani Muscle

Both muscles respond reflexively and bilaterally

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23
Q

Stapedius Muscle

A

Originates in the posterior (mastoid) wall of the middle ear attaches to the neck of the stapes bone.
Contracts to protect inner ear when encounters loud noises

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24
Q

Tensor Tympani

A

Attaches to the manubrium of the malleus and contracts in response to nonauditory stimulation ie. air in ears of eyes

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25
Acoustic Reflex Arc
When both stapedius muscles contract in response to loud sounds
26
2 Kinds of Reflex Pathways
Ipsilateral (Same-side) and Contralateral (opposite side) acoustic reflex pathways Not fully understood in humans 2 pathways for each type The 2 types differ from one another, and the 2 same differ from one another?!??! Both pathways contain a series of synapses that travel from beginning (ventral cochlear nucleus) to end (Stapedius Muscle)
27
Ipsilateral Synapses
The 8th nerve the ventral cochlear nucleus the ipsilateral facial (7th) nerve nucleus
28
Contralateral Synapses
Ipsilateral Superior Olivary Complex Contralateral facial nerve nucleus 7th facial nerve Contralateral Stapedius Muscle
29
Inner Ear
Vestibular System and the Cochlea
30
Vestibular System
Deals with balance | Directly beyond the oval window is the vestibule which is filled with perilymph
31
Membranous Sacs Located in the Vestibule
Utricle and Saccule | Surrounded by perilymph but filled with endolymph
32
Semicircular Canals
Arise from the utricle Contain endolymph, surrounded by perilymph Each canal contains an enlarged area called an ampulla
33
Ampulla
Enlarged area in each semicircular canal | Ampullae contain cristae
34
Cristae
Sense organs for balance
35
....respond through fluid movement to changes in the body that require maintenance of balance
Utricle, saccule, and the semicircular canals
36
The Cochlea
Contains the sense organ for hearing, the organ of Corti Snail Shaped Organ, carved into the temporal bone Scala, three primary chambers
37
3 Types of Scala
Scala Vestibuli - Perilymph Scala Media - Endolymph Scala Tympani - Perilymph
38
Scala Vestibuli
Lies immediately beyond the oval window, close to vestibule
39
Scala Tympani
The lowermost chamber, terminates at the round window
40
Helicotrema
Located at the top of the cochlea | The perilymphs "meet" here
41
Scala Media
Most important, is in the middle, also known as Cochlea Duct | CONTAINS ENDOLYMPH
42
Reissner's Membrane
Separates Media from Vestibuli
43
Baslar Membrane
Separates Media from Tympani
44
Tonotopic
Different frequencies result in different points of displacement of the basilar membrane High Freq. close to base, Low Freq. closer to apex
45
Organ of Corti
Contains rows of outer and inner hair cells that differ in shape and function
46
Tectorial Membrane
Overhangs organ of Corti | Some of the cilia (attached to outer hair cells) embedded into this membrane
47
Hair Cells
Approx 12,000 outer hair cells configured in three rows throughout the cochlea Approx. 3,500 inner hair cells, single row, do not come into contact with the tectorial membrane About 30,000 between both ears
48
Differentiation between inner/outer hair cells
Inner hair cells are afferent, they carry sound info to the brain Outer hair cells are efferent, they carry messages from the brain to cochlea
49
Movement of fluid in Scala Media
Stapes rocks back and forth, moving fluid in scala media Causes basilar and tectorial membranes to move in different directions Causes shearing which triggers an electrochemical reaction that transmits info to auditory neurons attached to the hair cells
50
Modiolus
A central bony pillar in the cochlea from which auditory nerve fibers course through Cell bodies of these neurons cluster and form the spiral ganglion which end up forming the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve?
51
Auditory Nerve
The cochlear branch joins the vestibular branch of this nerve Coursing through the internal auditory canal Tonotopic characteristic of the cochlea is also present in the 8th nerve
52
Central Nervous System
Brainstem, spinal cord, and the brain
53
Central Auditory System
involves those brainstem and brain structures responsible for directing signals from the peripheral auditory system to the cerebral cortex
54
Auditory Nuclei
referred to as relay stations the site of a series of synapses this neuronal communication allows the central auditory system to make its contribution to auditory perception
55
Cochlear Nuclei
Beginning of the central auditory system Bundles of nerves located on the brainstem at the junction of the pons and the medulla Believed that all fibers from the 8th cranial nerve terminate at the cochlear nuclei Maintains tonotopic nature Nerve Fibers either stay ipsilateral or go contralateral after this point
56
Predominance of...
Contralateral fibers in the auditory system | Stimulation of one ear better represented on the cortex of the opposite side
57
Importance of Contralateral Fibers
1. Redundancy created by multiple overlapping pathways allows for more accurate perception of auditory information 2. Ipsilateral fibers dominant peripheral auditory system 3. More complex auditory tasks are processed using more central pathways
58
Central Auditory Pathways
``` Cochlear Nucleus Superior Olivary Complex Lateral Lemniscus Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Body Internal Capsule Auditory Cortex Corpus Callosum ```
59
Superior Olivary Complex
Processes time and intensity cues, contribute to localization abilities First point where a signal delivered to one ear is represented on both sides of the central auditory system First instance of binaural representation of a monaurallay presented signal TONOTOPICITY IS MAINTAINED
60
Lateral Lemniscus
Considered by some to be the primary brainstem auditory pathway Receives nerve fibers from the cochlear nuclei and the ipsilateral and contralateral portions of the superior olivary complex TONOTOPICITY IS MAINTAINED Redundancy contributes to our ability to perceive speech that is presented in poor conditions
61
Inferior Colliculus
Located in the midbrain Largest of the auditory structures of the brainstem ad contains neurons that are particularly sensitive to binaural stimulation. TONOTOPICITY Receives input from most of the fibers of the lateral lemniscus and lower auditory areas
62
Medial Geniculate Body
Last subcortical auditory relay station Located in the thalamus Receives most of its fibers from the ipsilateral inferior colliculus and some from the lateral lemniscus Contains neurons that are sensitive to binaural stimulation TONOTOPIC
63
Reticular Formation
A diffusely organized area comprised of nuclei and tracts that form the central portion of the brainstem Interacts with the auditory system through its connections to the spinal cord and cerebrum Prepares the cortex to respond to incoming auditory information and may have a role in selective attention
64
Cerebral Cortex
Final auditory area in the process of auditory perception Auditory reception are located in the temporal lobes of Heschl's Gyrus This area is capable of decoding info about frequency, intensity, and time

Audiology (3 decks)

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