A&P Flashcards
1
Q
Name the two groups the bones of the skeleton are divided into
A
Axial
Appendicular
2
Q
Name the acid that is made in the stomach.
A
Hydrochloric
3
Q
The spinal nerves arise from both sides of the spinal cord; what do they emerge through?
A
Intervertebral or neural foramina or foramen
4
Q
Describe where sebaceous glands are located and their function
A
They are located in the dermis. They secrete an oily fluid (sebum) to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
5
Q
Where is the aortic bifurcation located, and what arteries does it divide into?
A
It is located at the distal end of the abdominal aorta at which point the artery divides into the common iliac arteries.
6
Q
The cystic duct drains which organ?
A
Gall bladder
7
Q
Name the two extensions of nerve cells which form the white matter of the nervous system.
A
Axon(s)
Dendrite(s)
8
Q
Describe the function of the ureters
A
To convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
9
Q
What is the placenta’s function and how is it connected to the foetus?
A
It transfers nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the baby’s bloodstream and waste products from the baby to the mother. It is connected to the foetus by the umbilical cord.
10
Q
Name the part of the ear that contains the organ of Corti
A
Cochlea
11
Q
How many movable bones are found in the vertebral column? Name the three regions they are divided into.
A
24
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
12
Q
What is the name for the distribution of acids, bases and salts in tissue cells, fluids and blood plasma which helps maintain normal pH and control the passage of water between cell membranes?
A
Electrolyte balance
13
Q
Describe the function of the sclera
A
It maintains the shape of the eye and gives attachment to muscles of the eye
14
Q
What pigment does sunlight promote the secretion of?
A
Melanin
15
Q
What is the root word for ‘fat’?
A
Lip
16
Q
What suffix is used for ‘falling’ or ‘downward displacement’?
A
Ptosis
17
Q
Provide the definition for the term ‘bronchiectasis’
A
Dilation of the bronchus
18
Q
What two prefixes can be used for the word ‘against’?
A
Anti
Contra
19
Q
Name the root word for ‘eat’.
A
Phag
20
Q
What suffix is used for ‘tumour’ or ‘swelling’?
A
Cele or Oma
21
Q
Provide the meaning of the prefix ‘ect’.
A
Outside
22
Q
Name the fluid that circulates through the body carrying nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carrying waste products away from cells for elimination
A
Blood
23
Q
Name the transparent fluid in which many important chemicals are dissolved and in which are suspended red and white blood cells and platelets
A
Plasma
24
Q
Name the Red blood cells which carry oxygen from the lungs to cells of the body
A
Erythrocytes
25
Names the White blood cells which help to prevent infection and diseases
Leucocytes
26
What are the cells which assist the clotting process when injury occurs?
Platelets (thrombocytes
27
Name the vessels that carry blood from the heart.
Arteries
28
Most arteries carry oxygenated blood, this is the exception...
Pulmonary artery
29
Arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
30
What are the arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle called?
Coronary arteries
31
Name the vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Veins
32
Most veins carry deoxygenated blood, these are the exceptions.....
Pulmonary veins
33
Name the The three systems referred to when considering blood circulation...
The pulmonary, systemic and portal
34
What is the circulation of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium called?
Pulmonary circulation
35
What is the circulation of blood from the left ventricle of the heart via the aorta to all parts of the body called?
Systemic circulation
36
What system is where Venous blood passes from the capillary bed of the digestive system,
via the capillary bed of the liver in this circulation system?
Portal circulation
37
Names the Two membranous sacs which surround the heart...
Pericardium
38
Name the interior lining of the myocardium, which is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels...
Endocardium
39
Name the system provides protection of internal organs and the body’s framework and shape.
Musculoskeletal system
40
Name the place where two or more bones come together...
A joint
41
Bones are classified according to their shapes. The femur (thigh
bone) is an example of this type of bone...
Long bone
42
Name a strong fibrous membrane which almost completely covers bones...
Periosteum
43
What is the soft tissue found in the epiphyses of bones, vital to the
production of blood cells called?
Red marrow
44
Name the type of joints which are freely movable...
Synovial
45
Name the only bone in the skull which can move...
Mandible (lower jaw)
46
What is the relatively hard connective tissue that covers all parts of bones, in
contact within a joint called?
Cartilage
47
What are the twelve pairs which form a protective cage around organs in the thoracic
cavity called?
Ribs
48
What is the largest strongest bone in the body?
The femur
49
Name the tough fibrous connective tissue which forms the outside
layer of a freely movable joint...
The capsule
50
What is the fixed point of attachment (of a muscle) to a bone, opposite to the insertion called?
Origin
51
Name a cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones...
Tendon
52
Name an internal organ controlled by involuntary muscles...
Alimentary canal
53
What are the type of muscles which move the bones called?
Voluntary or skeletal muscles
54
What is the name of the system which the skin and its appendages–hair, nails, oil, and sweat glands– make up called?
Integumentary
55
Name the outer layer of the skin which consists of several layers of cornified dead cells?
The epidermis
56
Name the tough layer of skin located below the epidermis,
consisting of connective tissue with elastic and collagen
fibres...
The dermis
57
Name the Tubes in which hair grows, which is lined with epidermal cells...
Hair follicles
58
What are the two components of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
59
Describe the structure classification of joints
Joints are classified structurally based on their anatomical characteristics, and functionally based on the types of movements they permit.
Structurally:
Fibrous- no synovial cavity, held together by fibres
Cartilaginous- no synovial cavity, held together by Cartilage
Synovial joints-space between two bones, held together by ligaments & connective tissue
60
What does afferent mean
Conveying towards
61
What does anterior/ventral mean
The front surface
62
What does distal mean
Farthest from
63
What does dorsal/posterior mean
Pertaining to the back or towards the back
64
What does efferent mean
Conveying away from
65
What does inferior mean
Situated below
66
What does lateral mean
Referring to the side
67
What does medial mean
Pertaining to near the midline
68
What does median mean
The middle - an imaginary line passing through the body from between the eyes to between closed feet
69
What does peripheral mean
Situated away from the centre
70
What does proximal mean
Nearest
71
What does superficial mean
Referring to close to the surface
72
What does superior mean
Situated above
73
What does ventral/anterior mean
Pertaining to the belly or towards the belly
74
What does all systems work together to achieve
Homeostasis
75
What does anatomy mean
Study of the structure of the body
76
What does physiology mean
Study of how the body functions
77
What does abduct mean
To draw away from the median plane
78
What does abduction mean
The act of abducting or the state of being abducted
79
What does adduct mean
To draw towards the median plane
80
What does adduction mean
The act of adducting or the state of being adducted
81
What does circumduction mean
The active or passive circular movement of a limb (or eye)
82
What does extension mean
A movement which brings the member of a limb into or towards a straight position
83
What does flexion mean
The act of bending or condition of being bent
84
What does rotation mean
The process of turning around an axis
85
What is the musculoskeletal system made up of
Bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments and cartilage
86
What's the main function of the musculoskeletal system
Support and stability, protection of internal organs, locomotion, production of blood cells, storage of calcium and other minerals
87
What are the two groups the bones are divided into
Axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton
88
What are the bones of the axial skeleton
Skull, ribs, sternum & vertebral column
89
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton
Shoulders, hips, and upper and lower extremities
90
What is the prefix in 'contraindiction' and what is its meaning
Contra - against, opposite
91
What is the root word for bile
Chol
92
Breakdown the term 'cardiomegaly' into its component parts and state what each part means
Cardi - heart
O
Megaly - enlargement
93
What does the suffix 'oid' mean
Resemblance or likeness of
94
What are the two root words for blood
Haem
| Haemat
95
What prefix is used to describe the word beside or beyond
Par or para
96
Give the mean ming of the term pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal or kidney pelvis
97
Describe the difference between the suffixes stomy and Tomy
Stomy means creation of an artificial opening
| Tomy means incision
98
What is the root word for eat
Phag
99
What is the root word for gland
Aden
100
What is the root word for air
Aer
101
What is the root word for vessel
Angi
102
What is the root word for joint
Arthr
103
What is the root word for eyelid
Blephar
104
What does cardi mean
Heart
105
What does cephal mean
Head
106
What does cerebr mean
Brain
107
What does cervic mean
Neck
108
What does cheil, chil mean
Lip
109
What does cheir, chir mean
Hand
110
What does chondr mean
Cartilage
111
What's the root word for skull
Crani
112
What's the root word for bladder
Cyst
113
What does dactyl mean
Finger, toe
114
What is the root word for skin
Derm
115
What does enter mean
Intestine
116
What's the root word for stomach
Gastr
117
What does glyc mean
Sweet
118
What are the root words for blood
Haem
| Haemat
119
What is the root word for liver
Hepat
120
Name the two groups the bones of the skeleton are divided into
Axial
| Appendicular
121
Name the acid that is made in the stomach.
Hydrochloric
122
The spinal nerves arise from both sides of the spinal cord; what do they emerge through?
Intervertebral or neural foramina or foramen
123
Describe where sebaceous glands are located and their function
They are located in the dermis. They secrete an oily fluid (sebum) to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
124
Where is the aortic bifurcation located, and what arteries does it divide into?
It is located at the distal end of the abdominal aorta at which point the artery divides into the common iliac arteries.
125
The cystic duct drains which organ
Gall bladder
126
Name the two extensions of nerve cells which form the white matter of the
nervous system.
Axon(s)
| Dendrite(s)
127
Describe the function of the ureters
To convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
128
What is the placenta’s function and how is it connected to the foetus?
It transfers nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the baby’s bloodstream and waste products from the baby to the mother. It is connected to the foetus by the umbilical cord.
129
Name the part of the ear that contains the organ of Corti
Cochlea
130
How many movable bones are found in the vertebral column? Name the three regions they are divided into
24
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
131
What is the name for the distribution of acids, bases and salts in tissue cells,
fluids and blood plasma which helps maintain normal pH and control the
passage of water between cell membranes?
Electrolyte balance
132
Describe the function of the sclera.
It maintains the shape of the eye and gives attachment to muscles of the eye.
133
What pigment does sunlight promote the secretion of?
Melanin
134
Name the neck of the uterus at the point where it joins the vagina
Cervix
135
What type of synovial joint is the shoulder and what two bones does it
connect?
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint connecting the humerus to the
scapula.
136
What area of the brain shares concern for respiratory function with the pons
varolii?
Medulla oblongata
137
Describe the function of the sphincter of Oddi.
Controls the flow of fluids from the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum.
138
Name the type of tissue found in the epidermis
Stratified epithelial tissue
139
Describe the function of the glomeruli.
To extract nitrogenous wastes, salts, water and toxins from the bloodstream
and turn the wastes into urine.
140
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue
Spleen
Thymus gland
141
Name the cavity located within the temporal bone which is filled with air from
the eustachian tube and contains ossicles.
Middle ear or tympanic cavity
142
Describe the primary functions of the parathyroid glands.
The maintenance of normal blood calcium levels and the regulation of
phosphate metabolism.
143
Name the semi-rigid tube found in the respiratory system that has an exterior
surface made up of rings of cartilage embedded in fibrous, elastic and smooth
muscle.
Trachea
144
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The point of attachment to the bone that it moves.
145
Name the valve that allows oxygenated blood to pass from the left atrium to
the left ventricle and prevents backflow during systole.
Mitral valve
146
What muscles change the shape of the lens in the eye and what part of the
eye does the lens focus light on?
The lens changes shape, under control of the ciliary muscles, to focus light on
the retina.
147
Name the first portion of the large intestine.
Caecum
148
What two organs add secretions to semen to aid sperm motility?
Seminal vesicles
| Prostate gland
149
Name the neck of the uterus at the point where it joins the vagina.
Cervix
150
What type of synovial joint is the shoulder and what two bones does it
connect?
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint connecting the humerus to the
scapula.
151
What area of the brain shares concern for respiratory function with the pons
varolii?
Medulla oblongata
152
Describe the function of the sphincter of Oddi
Controls the flow of fluids from the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum
153
Name the type of tissue found in the epidermis.
Stratified epithelial tissue
154
Describe the function of the glomeruli.
To extract nitrogenous wastes, salts, water and toxins from the bloodstream
and turn the wastes into urine.
155
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue
Spleen
Thymus gland
156
Name the cavity located within the temporal bone which is filled with air from
the eustachian tube and contains ossicles.
Middle ear or tympanic cavity
157
Describe the primary functions of the parathyroid glands.
The maintenance of normal blood calcium levels and the regulation of
phosphate metabolism.
158
Name the semi-rigid tube found in the respiratory system that has an exterior
surface made up of rings of cartilage embedded in fibrous, elastic and smooth
muscle
Trachea
159
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The point of attachment to the bone that it moves.
160
Name the valve that allows oxygenated blood to pass from the left atrium to
the left ventricle and prevents backflow during systole.
Mitral valve
161
What muscles change the shape of the lens in the eye and what part of the
eye does the lens focus light on?
The lens changes shape, under control of the ciliary muscles, to focus light on
the retina.
162
Name the first portion of the large intestine
Caecum
