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A&P 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

movement of charge

A

current

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2
Q

difference in charge between two locaton

A

voltage

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3
Q

chemicals produced when cyclooxgenase enzymes are activated

A

prostaglandins

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4
Q

enzyme liberates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid

A

phospholipase A2

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5
Q

what protein does calcium bind to in order to activate a specific protein kinase

A

calmodulin

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6
Q

organs of CNS

A

brain, spinal cord

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7
Q

two organ systems that are involved in coordinating the functions of cells to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine and nervous

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8
Q

2 sources for calcium that can enter the cytosol of cells

A

smooth ER, extracellular fluid

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9
Q

3 components of a synapse

A

presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic density

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10
Q

3 types of synapses based on location of synapse on postsynaptic cell

A

axosomatic, axodendritic, axo-axonic

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11
Q

how does conc of 1st messenger at a receptor decrease over time

A

broken down by enzymes in synapse
diffuses away
receptor-mediated endocytosis by postsynaptic cell

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12
Q

how does phosphorylation of receptors reduce the activity of the signal transduction pathway

A

decrease affinity of receptor for G-protein and 1st messenger

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13
Q

glial cell types

A

oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells

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14
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

CNS forms myelin

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15
Q

astroocyte

A

regulate concs of NT, ions, nutrients in extracellular fluid of brain (CSF)
helps form blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

microglia

A

CNS immune-like cells

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17
Q

ependymal cells

A

regulate production and flow of CSF

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18
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS forms myelinated axons

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19
Q

Gs flow chart

A

1st messenger binds to GPCR
conf change in GPCR
conf change in alpha-sub of G-protein
alpha-sub loses affinity for GDP
GDP dissociates from alpha-sub
conf change in alpha-sub
alpha-sub loses affinity for beta/gamma sub and GPCR
dissociates
alpha-sub binds to AC
conf change in AC
activates AC
AC converts ATP to cAMP
increase cAMP in cytosol
cAMP binds to PKA
conf change in PKA
activates PKA
PKA phosphorylates proteins

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20
Q

Gi flow chart

A

1st messenger binds to GPCR
conf change in GPCR
conf change in alpha-sub of G-protein
alpha-sub loses affinity for GDP
GDP dissociates from alpha-sub
conf change in alpha-sub
alpha-sub loses affinity for beta/gamma sub and GPCR
dissociates
alpha-sub binds to AC
conf change in AC
inactivates AC
AC doesn’t convert ATP to cAMP
decrease cAMP in cytosol
cAMP doesn’t binds to PKA
doesn’t activates PKA
PKA doesn’t phosphorylates proteins

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21
Q

Pathway phospholipase A2

A

membrane phospholipids uses phospholipase A2 to free arachidonic acid
—–>cyclic endoperoxides —–> prostaglandins and thromboxanes
cyclooxygenase pathway
——>leukotrienes
lipoxygenase pathway

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22
Q

peripheral NS

A

peripheral nerve

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23
Q

cell body

A

nucleus, ER, organelles

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24
Q

dendrites

A

receiving chem signals from other cells

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25
axon
collaterals, long process that carries info away from neuron's cell body
26
initial segment
cell body->axon section hellock "trigger zone"- action potentials initiated
27
dendritic spines
increase surface area for neuron to receive signals from other neurons
28
myelin
brings to action potential
29
axon terminals
release NT
30
kinesins
anterograde transport, same direction as action potential Cell body->terminal forward rxn
31
dynesins
retrograde transport, opp direction as action potential terminal->cell body reverse rxn
32
special transport proteins use ATP to transport protein from cell body->axon terminals
kinesins and dyeins
33
afferent neuron
PNS to CNS sensory receptor to cell body
34
efferent neuron
CNS to PNS cell body to muscle, gland, neuron
35
interneurons
many projections within nucleus, carries out integrative functions
36
ganglion
group of neuronal cell bodies outside CNS
37
nucleus
group of neuronal cell bodies inside CNS
38
nerve
group of axons outside CNS
39
tract
group of axons inside CNS
40
axon terminals
form a synapse with another cell
41
axosomatic synapse
synapse onto cell body
42
axodendritic synapse
synapse onto dendrite
43
ax-axonic synapse
synapse onto axon terminal
44
glial cells
provide physical and metabolic support to neurons
45
second messengers
IP3, alpha subunits of G proteins, DAG
46
Gs and Gi protein-coupled receptors would not both be present in the same cell.
False
47
Neurons usually use _______________ for intracellular communication, and _______________ for intercellular communication.
electrical signals, chemical signals
48
The excess negative change in cells is
only along the membrane
49
What proteins are involved in anterograde transport in axons?
kinesins
50
A solution containing 200 mM of a permeable solute and 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be
hyperosmotic
51
A solution containing 200 mM of a permeable solute and 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be
isotonic
52
What proteins are involved in retrograde transport in axons?
dyneins
53
A single neuron can be both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic.
True
54
A single neuron may be post-synaptic to thousands of pre-synaptic neurons.
True
55
Potassium’s equilibrium potential is
negative
56
Sodium’s equilibrium potential is
positive
57
Only an extremely small percentage of the K+ in the cell has to leak out to cause a 80 mV change in membrane potential
True
58
Which ion is more permeable at rest? calcium potassium sodium
potassium
59
_______________ have equilibrium potentials.
ions
60
Assuming the membrane is only permeable to sodium and potassium, at the resting membrane potential, the flux of sodium into the cell equals the flux of potassium out of the cell.
True
61
If you have two chambers separated by a semi-permeable membrane that is only permeable to potassium, and you put 10 mM of potassium chloride in one chamber, and 1 mM of potassium chloride and 9 mM of sodium chloride in the other chamber, potassium will flux across the membrane until the concentration of potassium is the same on both sides.
False
62
What protein uses the most ATP in the brain
sodium potassium pump
63
Increasing the extracellular concentration of sodium chloride will cause the cell to
depolarize
64
Increasing the intracellular concentration of potassium chloride would cause the cell to
hyperpolarize
65
Decreasing the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride would cause the cell to
hyperpolarize
66
Decreasing the intracellular concentration of sodium chloride would cause the cell to
depolarize
67
Increasing a cell's permeability to sodium will cause the cell to
depolarize
68
Decreasing a cell's permeability to potassium will cause the cell to
depolarize
69
If there are no active transport mechanisms for chloride in a cell, the concentration of chloride will be
higher outside the cell
70
If you increase the sodium permeability, what will happen to the membrane potential?
depolarize
71
If you increase the extracellular concentration of sodium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?
depolarize
72
If you increase the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?
depolarize
73
Depolarization ______________ the driving force for potassium to leave the cell.
increases
74
Voltage-gated sodium channels are regulated by
positive feedback
75
Voltage-gated potassium channels are regulated by
negative feedback
76
Axon potentials are decremental.
False
77
Graded potentials are all-or-none phenomenon.
False
78
Graded potentials can trigger action potentials.
True
79
Increasing the intracellular sodium chloride concentration will cause
hyperpolarization
80
Increasing sodium permeability will cause
depolarization
81
The inactivation gate of the sodium channel ________________ in response to depolarization.
closes
82
Which glial cell is involved in regulating brain extracellular fluid potassium concentration?
astrocytes
83
During the depolarization phase of the action potential,
the sodium channel is open and the potassium channel is closed
84
Graded potentials can happen in
cell bodies dendrites
85
Protein receptors for intercellular messengers have the same four characteristics of protein binding sites (chemical specificity, saturation, affinity, and competition).
True
86
The number of protein receptors in the plasma membrane of a cell is very stable over time.
False
87
Intercellular messengers that bind to intracellular receptors are
lipophilic
88
The JAK protein often phosphorylates what transcription factor as discussed in lecture?
STAT
89
What was the general name given in lecture for drugs that can bind to a protein receptor but do not activate signal transduction.
antagonist
90
what term means within the cell
intracellular
91
what term means between cells
intercellular
92
what is the term for what happens in a cell between the binding of a ligand to a receptor and the final response in the cell
signal transduction
93
what is the term for a drug that can bind to a receptor and trigger signal transduction
agonist
94
what receptor signaling pathway involves a cascade of phosphorylations
receptor tyrosine kinase
95
what enzyme converts cAMP into AMP, thus inactivating it
cAMP phosphodiesterase
96
state two type of receptors that are themselves enzymes
receptor tyrosine kinase guanylyl cyclase
97
what are the substrate and products of the reaction catalyzed by guanylyl cyclase
GTP to cGMP and 2Pi
98
whats the advantage of having so many steps in the signal transduction pathway of many of the receptors
allows for amplification of the response
99
what 2 factors determine driving force for ions
electrical gradient concentration gradient
100
what is the name of the equation that can be used to determine the equilibrium potential for an ion
nernst equation
101
flux of ion equation
Jion=gion(conductance)(Vm membrane potential - Eqion equil permability)
102
a trivalent cation has an intracellular conc of 0.1mM and extracellular conc of 10mM equil potential?
1/+3 (61.54) log [10]/[0.1] 41.02mV
103
if you decrease the extracellular conc of the above cation, what will happen to equil potential 41.02mV
less positive
104
what happens to potassium's equil potential if you increase the amount of potassium in the cell
more negative
105
what happens to sodium's equil potential if you increase the amount of sodium outside the cell
more positive
106
if an anion has a higher conc outside than inside, anion's equil potential will be
negative
107
at resting membrane potential, which ion has greater driving force sodium or potassium
sodium
108
assuming the only permeable ions across the plasma membrane are sodium and potassium, at resting membrane potential the inward flux of sodium ___ the outward flux of potassium
equals
109
if more potassium leaves the cell than sodium enters, assuming those two are the only permeable ions, then membrane potential will be
come more negative
110
if the membrane potential becomes mroe negative, what happens to the driving force for sodium
increase
111
if the membrane potential becomes mroe negative, what happens to the driving force for potassium
decrease
112
if a cell doesn't regulate chloride concs, then equil potential for chloride equals RMP in that cell
true
113
conc of potassium is the same in the CSF and blood
false
114
if you increase the potassium permeability, what happens to the membrane potential
hyperpolarize
115
if you increase the intracellular conc of sodium chloride what happens to the membrane potential
hyperpolarize
116
if you increase the intracellular conc of potassium chloride what happens to the membrane potential
hyperpolarize
117
changing the extracellular conc of ____ has a bigger impact on the RMP
potassium
118
Na [100mM]o [10mM]i K [10mM]o [100mM]i permeable ions: Na and K same permeability membrane potential?
0mV
119
movement of charge is ____ than diffusion of ions
faster
120
when a sodium channel opens in a graded potential, the causes the flux of potassium out of the cell to increase
true
121
at RMP voltage-gated K channel is voltage-gated Na channel is
closed closed
122
during depolarization phase of action potential voltage-gated K channel is voltage-gated Na channel is
closed open
123
during repolarization phase of action potential voltage-gated K channel is voltage-gated Na channel is
open inactivated
124
during hyperpolarization/undershoot phase of action potential voltage-gated K channel is voltage-gated Na channel is
open closed
125
depolarization causes sodium channel activation gate sodium channel inactivation gate potassium channel
open close open
126
repolarization/hyperpolarization causes sodium channel activation gate sodium channel inactivation gate potassium channel
close open close

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