A&P 2 Flashcards
List the major and accessory structures of the eye and their functions
The major structures include the cornea, lens, retina, and iris. Accessory structures include eyelids, eyelashes, and lacrimal glands, which protect and lubricate the eye.
List the three layers of the eye, the function of each layer, and structures found in each layer
The three layers are: 1) Sclera (protective outer layer), 2) Choroid (vascular layer providing nutrients), 3) Retina (inner layer containing photoreceptors).
Describe what rods and cones are and where these are found in the eye
Rods are photoreceptors sensitive to low light, while cones detect color and detail. Both are found in the retina.
Describe what the optic disc is
The optic disc is the point where the optic nerve exits the eye, creating a blind spot.
Describe what the fovea centralis is
The fovea centralis is a small pit in the retina that provides the clearest vision due to a high concentration of cones.
List the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye
Light passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, and then reaches the retina.
Identify the pathway along which an image received by the retina will travel into the brain
The pathway is: retina → optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → thalamus → visual cortex.
List the major structures of the ear and their functions
Major structures include the outer ear (collects sound), middle ear (transmits sound), and inner ear (converts sound to nerve signals).
Describe the difference between the external, middle, and inner ear and what structures are found in each area
The external ear includes the pinna and ear canal; the middle ear contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes); the inner ear includes the cochlea and vestibular system.
List the ossicles of the ear in order
The ossicles are: malleus, incus, stapes.
Identify which organs of the ear contain dynamic equilibrium receptors and which contain static equilibrium receptors
The semicircular canals contain dynamic equilibrium receptors, while the utricle and saccule contain static equilibrium receptors.
Identify which organ of the ear contains hearing receptors
The cochlea contains the hearing receptors.
List what type of chemoreceptor is responsible for sense of smell
Olfactory receptors are responsible for the sense of smell.
List and describe the different types of papillae on the tongue
The types of papillae are: 1) Fungiform (taste buds), 2) Circumvallate (large taste buds), 3) Foliate (taste buds on sides), 4) Filiform (no taste buds, for texture).
List what the five taste sensations are
The five taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
Describe the major function of the endocrine system as a whole
The major function is to regulate body processes through hormone secretion.
Identify the major endocrine glands covered in the powerpoint and what hormones each one produces and what hormones they release
Major glands include: 1) Pituitary (growth hormone), 2) Thyroid (thyroxine), 3) Adrenals (cortisol), 4) Pancreas (insulin).
Describe the difference between direct gene activation and the second-messenger system
Direct gene activation involves hormones entering cells and affecting gene expression; the second-messenger system uses intermediaries to relay signals within cells.
List the three different stimuli responsible for prodding endocrine glands into action, and which of the three is the most common stimulus
The three stimuli are: hormonal, humoral, and neural; hormonal is the most common.
List the function of each hormone covered in the powerpoint
Functions include: 1) Growth hormone (growth), 2) Thyroxine (metabolism), 3) Cortisol (stress response), 4) Insulin (blood sugar regulation).
List and describe the endocrine system disorders
Disorders include diabetes (insulin deficiency), hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid hormone), and Addison’s disease (cortisol deficiency).
Identify the coverings of the heart
The coverings are the pericardium, which includes the fibrous and serous layers.
Identify the walls of the heart
The walls consist of the epicardium (outer), myocardium (muscle), and endocardium (inner).
Identify the major structures of the heart
Major structures include the atria, ventricles, valves, and major blood vessels.
