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Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 4 - PANCREAS ✔️ > A & P > Flashcards

A & P Flashcards

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0
Q

_________ & _________ Are primary imaging modality.

A

CT and MRI

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1
Q

Location of the pancreas?

A

Retroperitoneum

Anterior pararenal space

Posterior to the lesser sac

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2
Q

What is a technical challenge of scanning the pancreas?

A

If there is dilated loops of bowel without peristalsis/a blockage in the bowl…this is called Ileus

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3
Q

The pancreas is a _________ gland bounded anteriorly by the _________ and _________ and posteriorly by the _________ and _________.

A

Retroperitoneal

Stomach and duodenum

AO and IVC

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4
Q

It is located deep in the _________ and _________ behind the lesser omental sac.

A

Epigastric

Left hypochondrium

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5
Q

The pancreas is generally found in a _________ line, extending from the concavity of the duodenum to the hilum of the spleen.

A

Horizontal - oblique

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6
Q

Approximate size of the pancreas?

A

12 cm long x 2 cm thick

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7
Q

This gland is divided into 3 major areas:

A

Head

Neck/body

Tail

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8
Q

The head of the pancreas is anterior to the _________ and _________, inferior to the _________ lobe of the liver and the _________, and lateral to the second portion of the _________.

A

IVC and left renal vein

Caudate and PV

Duodenum

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9
Q

It lies in the “_________” of the duodenum.

A

Lap

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10
Q

The _________ crosses anterior to the uncinate process of the head of the gland and posterior to the neck and body of the pancreas.

A

Superior mesenteric vein

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11
Q

The _________ is the small, curved tip at the end of the head of the pancreas.

A

Uncinate process

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12
Q

The uncinate process lies _________ to the IVC and _________ to the SMV.

A

Anterior

Posterior

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13
Q

The _________ passes through a groove posterior to the pancreatic head, and the _________ artery serves as the anterolateral border.

A

CBD

GDA

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14
Q

The neck is found directly anterior to the _________ or _________.

A

Portal-splenic confluence or SMV

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15
Q

The portal vein is formed posterior to the neck by the junction of the _________ and _________.

A

SMV and splenic vein

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16
Q

The body is the _________ part of the gland and lies posterior to the _________ and anterior to the origin of the _________.

A

Largest

Stomach

PV

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17
Q

It rests _________ to the AO, the origin of the SMA, the left renal vessels, the left adrenal glands, and the left kidney.

A

Anteriorly

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18
Q

The tortuous _________ is usually the superior border of the pancreatic body.

A

Splenic artery

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19
Q

The _________ courses to the posteromedial surface of the pancreas to join the main PV.

A

Splenic vein

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20
Q

The tail of the pancreas lies anterior to the _________, close to the _________ and left colic flexure.

A

Left kidney

Spleen

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21
Q

The splenic vein forms the _________ border, the stomach forms the _________ border.

A

Posterior

Superoanterior

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22
Q

_________ Is the primary duct extending the entire length of the gland.

A

Wirsung’s Duct

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23
Q

Wirsung’s duct receives tributaries from lobules at right angle and enters the medial second part of the _________ with the CBD at the _________. This is all guarded by the _________.

A

Duodenum

Ampulla of Vater

Sphincter of Oddi

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24
_________ Is a secondary duct that drains the upper anterior head. It enters the duodenum at the minor papilla approximately _________ proximal to the Vater's ampulla.
Santorini's duct 2 cm
25
Which duct is smaller: Wirsung's or Santorini's?
Santorini's
26
The normal length range is _________ cm. The head is the _________, measuring _________ cm. The neck is _________ cm. The body is _________ cm. The tail is _________ cm.
12-18 cm Thickest, 2-3 cm 1.5-2.5 cm 2-2.5 cm 1-2 cm
27
Pancreas is _________ echogenic than the liver and _________ in echogenicity of the spleen depending on its texture.
More Varies
28
The pancreas echotexture is _________.
Homogeneous
29
The surface of the pancreas is _________ to _________ (islets of langerhans).
Smooth to slightly lobular
30
Blood supply is from which 2 arteries?
Splenic Pancreaticoduodenal
31
Venous drainage is through the tributaries of the _________ and the _________.
Splenic vein SMV
32
The _________ originates from the anterior ABD AO and serves as the superior border of the pancreas.
Celiac axis
33
The Celia axis hives rise to what 3 branches?
Left gastric artery Common hepatic artery Splenic artery
34
The _________ arises from the celiac artery and runs along the superior margin of the gland, slightly anterior and posterior, to follow its vein.
Splenic artery
35
The _________ is seen in 30% of patients as it travels a short distance along the anterior aspect of the head just to the right of the neck before it divides into the superior pancreaticoduodenal branches.
GDA
36
The _________ arises from the AO inferior to the celiac axis and posterior to the lower portion of the body of the pancreas.
SMA
37
_________ Tissue is the most common anomaly.
Ectopic pancreatic Variant
38
Ectopic pancreatic tissue is found in the form of _________ in various places in the _________ tract.
Intramural nodules GI
39
What may develop within the ectopic pancreatic tissue?
Acute pancreatitis
40
An _________ pancreas is another CONGENITAL abnormality.
Annular Variant
41
What is annular pancreas?
The head of the pancreas encircles the duodenum May cause obstruction More common in males
42
What is pancreatic divisum?
Failure of fusion of the ducts Unable to accurately diagnosis with US Variant
43
The pancreas is an _________ and _________ gland.
Exocrine and endocrine
44
Small glands within the EXOCRINE gland are called?
Acini
45
What enzymes are found within the EXOCRINE functioning of the pancreas?
Lipase Amylase Trypsin, chymotrypainogen, carbonxypeptidase Nucleases
46
Digestive action for lipase?
Deals with fats May persist for a longer time than other exocrine enzymes
47
Digestive action for amylase?
Deals with carbohydrates
48
Digestive actions for Trypsin, chymotrypainogen, carbonxypeptidase?
Deals with proteins
49
Digestive action for nucleases?
Deals with nucleic acids
50
The ENDOCRINE function is represented by?
The islets of langerhans
51
Regulation of pancreatic secretions are _________.
Complex
52
_________ Is the most important agent which is produced in the duodenum.
Secretin
53
The main hormones produced by the ENDOCRINE portion includes _________ and _________.
Insulin and glucagon
54
What are the 3 pancreatic ENDOCRINE hormones?
Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin
55
For insulin, what is the cell type and action?
Beta Glucose to glycogen
56
For glucagon, what is the cell type and action?
Alpha Glycogen to glucose
57
For somatostatin, what is the cell type and action?
Delta Alpha and beta inhibitor
58
_________ Controls the blood sugar levels in the body.
Glucose
59
Tumors of the islets of langerhans may have an increase or decrease of blood sugar levels?
Decrease
60
An increase in blood sugar levels may be found what 3 diseases?
Severe diabetes Chronic liver disease Overactivity of endocrine glands
61
Lab values for pancreatitis:
Elevated serum amylase Elevated urine amylase Elevated serum lipase - for a longer time
62
_________ Is the most difficult ABD organ to image.
Pancreas
63
Patient should fast _________ hrs before getting pancreas scanned so stomach is empty and GB and ducts can be seen too.
6-8
64
Fasting causes less _________
Bowel gas
65
Clinical symptoms for scanning the pancreas?
``` Severe epigastric pain ABD distention Abn lab values Unexplained weight loss Nausea & vomiting ```
66
What parts of the pancreas should be identified and in what planes?
Head, neck, body, and tail in long & trans
67
What are we evaluating when scanning the pancreas?
Shape Contour Lie Texture (compare with characteristics in liver)
68
What technique can be used to fill the stomach for better visualization of the pancreatic area?
Water or fluid technique 32-300 ml of water through a straw in an upright position
69
The texture depends on the amount of ...
Fat between the lobules
70
Internal echoes of the pancreas consist of _________ and _________ spaced elements of _________ intensity.
Regularly and closely Uniform
71
The pancreas is either as dense or more dense than the _________.
Liver
72
_________ Increases with age.
Echogenicity
73
The head is located to the right of the _________.
SMV
74
The _________ is posterior to the head.
IVC
75
The _________ is the anterior lateral border of the head.
GDA
76
The _________ is lateral to the GDA by the head.
CBD
77
The _________ is cranial to the head.
PV
78
The _________ is directly posterior to the SMV by the head.
Uncinate process
79
The head measurement is _________.
Less than or equal to 3 cm
80
The neck is directly anterior to the _________.
SMV
81
The _________ is formed behind the neck.
PV
82
The neck measurement is _________.
Less than or equal to 2.5 cm
83
The body is the _________ section of the pancreas.
Largest
84
The body is anterior to the _________.
SMA
85
The anterior border of the body is the posterior wall of the antrum of the _________.
Stomach
86
The right lateral border of the body is the _________.
Neck
87
The _________ courses along the posterior surface of the body.
SV
88
The _________ begins to the left lateral margin.
Tail
89
The body measurement is _________.
Less than or equal to 2.5 cm
90
The _________ is the most difficult section of the pancreas to image.
Tail
91
The tail begins to the left of the left lateral vertebral body and extends to the _________.
Splenic hilum
92
The _________ courses along the posterior surface of the body and the tail.
SV
93
The tail is anterior to the _________, posterior to the _________, and medial to the _________. List organs.
Left kidney Stomach Spleen
94
The tail measurement is _________.
Less than or equal to 2 cm
95
Common shapes the pancreas is called?
``` Sausage Dumbbell Tadpole Comma Worm ```
96
The _________ duct is seen more in the body than the tail.
Pancreatic
97
The pancreatic duct appears as...
An echogenic line or lucency bordered by 2 echogenic lines
98
The pancreatic duct measures _________.
2 mm
99
The pancreatic duct decreases toward the _________.
Tail
100
Do not confuse the pancreatic duct with _________.
Vascular structures

Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 4 - PANCREAS ✔️ (2 decks)

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