A&P Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the skin?
A
- Surface barrier against invading organisms
- Homeostasis
- Thermoregulation
- Sensory perception
- Excretion
- Skin lubrications
- Synthesis of Vitamin D
- Absorb medications
- Personal Identity
2
Q
What is the outermost layer of the skin?
A
Epidermis
3
Q
Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
A
Avascular, no nerves
4
Q
What is the purpose of the epidermis?
A
- It is a protective barrier
2. It controls moisture loss
5
Q
How is the epidermis nourished?
A
It is nourished by blood vessels in the dermis
6
Q
How often does the dermis regenerate?
A
Every 28 days
7
Q
What accounts for many of dermatological issues?
A
Changes in the cell growth cycle
8
Q
What happens if dead cells slough too rapidly?
A
The skin becomes thin and eroded
9
Q
If new cells form faster than old cells are sloughed or shed what is the outcome?
A
The skin becomes thick and scaley
10
Q
What are the 2 types of epidermal cells?
A
- Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
11
Q
What is the % amount of keratinocytes?
A
90-95%
12
Q
What do keratinocytes produce?
A
They produce keratin
13
Q
What does Keratin do?
A
It is a protective barrier
14
Q
How does Keratinocytes begin?
A
They begin as a stem cell at the basal layer
15
Q
What are Keratinocytes constantly doing?
A
They are changing and moving upward through the epidermis until they flatten and die
16
Q
How long is the total production of keratinocytes?
A
Process of 4 weeks
17
Q
How are keratinocytes removed from the epidermis?
A
They are sloughed off or from abrasion
18
Q
What is the % of melanocytes?
A
5%
19
Q
What do melanocytes do?
A
They secrete melanin
20
Q
What is the function of melanocytes?
A
They give skin and hair the color
21
Q
What stimulates melanin production?
A
Sunlight and hormones
22
Q
What does melanin do to protect the skin?
A
Provides UV protection
23
Q
What determines the skin color?
A
The amount of melanin produced
24
Q
What are the structures of the dermis?
A
- Blood vessels
- Nerves
- Lymphatics
- Hair follicles
- Sebaceous and sweat glands
- Elastin fibers
25
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
1. Papillary layer
| 2. Reticular layer
26
What is the function of the papillary layer?
1. Is the upper, thin layer
2. Extends into the epidermis
3. Has ridges/papillae
27
What is an example of the papillary layer?
Finger/foot prints
28
Where is the reticular layer located and what is its function?
1. Lower, thicker layer
2. Provides support
3. Collagen
4. Elastin and reticular fibers
29
The hypodermis is considered what?
The subcutaneous layer
30
The subcutaneous layer is also know as what?
The adipose or fat layer
31
Subcutaneous tissue is a layer of what kind of tissue?
Connective
32
What is the subcutaneous layer attached to?
It attaches to underlying tissue and organs
33
How much is distributed?
It depends on gender, heredity, age, and nutrition
34
What is the primary function in the subcutaneous layer?
Insulation
35
What are the additional functions of the subcutaneous layer?
1. Store lipids
2. Regulates temperature
3. Provides shock absorption
4. Medication absorption
36
What are the appendages of the skin?
1. Hair
2. Nails
3. Glands
37
Where do the hair, nails, and glands develop at?
Epidermal layer
38
Where do hair, nails, and glands receive nutrients from?
The dermis
39
What are hair and nails formed from?
Hardened keratin or dead cells
40
Where does the shaft of the hair project from?
The skin surface
41
Where is the root of the hair?
Embedded in the skin
42
Where does the hair end?
In the bulb
43
What is the bulb?
It is the follicle or elongated pit
44
Where does hair growth begin?
In the junction of the follicle and papilla where there are nerve/blood vessels
45
What is the erector pili muscle also known as?
Goosebumps
46
What is the function of the sebaceous glands on the hair?
They empty into the hair shaft to lubricate the hair
47
Hair is found on the body everywhere but?
1. Palms
2. Soles
3. Lips
48
How many hairs are lost in a day on average?
100
49
How often does hair grow in 1 month?
Approximately 1cm
50
What determines color, type, and amount of hair?
Heredity
51
What is the purpose of hair for protection?
1. It protects from foreign bodies in the ears, eyes, and nose
2. It protects the head from UV light and cold
52
What does the matrix/lunula do?
Produces the nail (looks like the crescent moon)
53
Where is the nail bed located?
Under the matrix and adheres to the nail bed
54
Where is the cuticle located?
It's an extension onto nail plate
55
Where is the nail body located?
The actual nail itself
56
How often do fingernails grow in one week?
Approximately 1mm
57
When do nails slow down growth?
During cold and illness
58
When is reproduction of the nail complete?
100-150 days
59
How long is production in toes?
12 months
60
How long is production in fingernails?
3-6 months
61
What will damage to the nail matrix do?
Distort the nail or prevent growth
62
What are the colors of the nail?
Ranges from pink to yellow to brown
63
Where are the glands located?
They are all located in the dermis
64
How do the glands receive nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes?
Through the dermis blood and lymph supply
65
What are the 3 types of glands?
1. Sebaceous
2. Apocrine
3. Eccrine
66
How are sebaceous glands regulated?
Under hormonal control
67
What do they secrete into the hair shaft as a lubricant and bactericidal?
Sebum
68
Where are sebaceous glands present?
Everywhere bit soles and palms
69
Where are sebaceous glands concentrated?
1. Scalp
2. Face
3. Upper chest
4. Back
70
Sebaceous glands prevent the hair and skin from becoming. . .
Dry
71
Sebaceous glands protect from . . .
Bacteria and fungus
72
Sebaceous glands are composed mainly of. . .
Lipids
73
Sebaceous glands depend on what for regulation?
Testosterone
74
What are the apocrine glands called?
Sweat glands
75
When do apocrine sweat glands mature?
During puberty
76
The secretion of an apocrine gland looks like what?
A Milky substance
77
What is produced when mixed with surface skin bacteria and sweat from the apocrine glands?
Odor
78
Where are apocrine sweat glands concentrated in?
1. Axilla
2. Anogenital breast/areola
3. Eyelids
4. External ear
79
Where are sweat glands (eccrine) located?
Over the entire body mainly the palms, soles, forehead, and axilla
80
How many eccrine sweat glands in one inch of skin?
Over 3,000
81
What is the eccrine sweat glands composed of?
1. Salts
2. Ammonia
3. Urea
4. Wastes
82
What are the sweat glands functions?
1. Cools by evaporation
2. Excretes waste
3. Moisturizers surface cells
83
What body system regulates the sweat glands?
Adrenergic NS
84
The adrenergic NS secretion is stimulated by?
1. Heat
2. Exercise
3. Emotional stress
4. Fever
85
How do the glands affect aging and the skin on the dermal-epidermal layer?
The junction flattens resulting in thin skin
86
How do the glands affect aging and the skin within the dermal and SQ layer?
Mass is lost resulting in less temperature control and cushion
87
How do the glands affect aging and the skin in the SQ fat?
There is degeneration of elastic fibers and collagen stiffening resulting in wrinkles and sagging skin
88
What is the result of decreased activity of the glands?
Dry, flaky skin
89
What is the result of a diminished blood supple and proliferator capacity?
Decreased wound healing and Diminished sensation
90
What are some effects on the hair due to aging?
1. Decreased melanin resulting in gray and white hair
| 2. Decreased oil and density of hair resulting in dry, coarse hair and alopecia and thinning hair
91
What are some effects of the nails due to aging?
1. Decreased peripheral blood supply resulting in thick or brittle nails
2. Decreased circulation resulting in increased cap refill time
3. Increased keratin resulting in longitudinal ridging
92
What are some associated changes resulting in lesions, due to aging?
1. Skin tags
2. Lentigo (pigmented spots)
3. Keratosis (abnormal growth of keratin)
4. Vascular lesions
93
What are the 3 layers of the integumentary system?
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
94
What is the primary function of the skin?
Surface barrier against invading organisms
95
All epidermis cells are . . .
Dead cells
96
The skin excretes how many ml's a day?
600-900ml
97
The skin is the largest ______ in the body
Organ
98
The epidermis is very thin only measuring . . .
0.5-0.70mm
99
What is the condition of thick and scaly skin is. . .
Psoriasis
100
The dermis thickest where on the body?
The back
101
Melanin is secreted in the deep _____ layer
Basal
102
The dermis measures at. . .
1-4mm
103
Elastin fibers are important in . . .
Wound healing
104
What are the two different types of sweat glands?
1. Apocrine
| 2. Accrine
105
What are apocrine glands responsible for?
Sweat from adolescence, giving an odor, located in the axilla, umbilica, perineal, and eyelids
106
What are the eccrine glands responsible for?
Exercise, non-odor, stimulated by exercise, heat, emotional stress, fever and anxiety
107
What color does the eccrine sweat glands release?
Transparent, watery color
108
Skin tags are identified by. . .
1. Soft/pedunculated
2. On a stalk
3. Not precancerous
4. Usually front of neck/axilla
5. Pin point to pea size
