A&P - Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Principle of Complementarily

Answer 1

Function is dependent on structure and the form of a structure relates to its function.

Question 2

4 types of tissue

Answer 2

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Defined as the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment regardless of external environmental changes.

Question 4

Rising blood glucose level

Answer 4

High blood glucose level detected by insulin-secreting cells of pancreas. Insulin-secreting cells of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood. Most body cells take up more glucose. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines to a set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes and body returns to homeostasis.

Question 5

Declining blood glucose level

Answer 5

Low blood glucose level detected by glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas. Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood; target is the liver. Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood. Blood glucose level rises to set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes and body returns to homeostasis.

Question 6

Body cavities

Answer 6

Are spaces within the body that are closed to the outside and contain the internal organs.

Question 7

Ventral cavity

Answer 7

Contains the body organs (viscera) and is subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Question 8

Dorsal cavity

Answer 8

Is subdivided into the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Question 9

Serous membranes (Name the 2 layers and what they cover) (Name all 3 and what they cover)

Answer 9

Cover the inner walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of organs within. Parietal part - lines the inside wall of the cavity. Visceral part - covers the outer surface of the organs. Pleura - lines pleural cavity and outer surface of lung. Peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity. Pericardium - covers the outside of the heart.

Question 10

2 categories of membranes

Answer 10

Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes.

Question 11

3 types of epithelial membranes

Answer 11

Cutaneous - cover body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment. Serous - Line closed body cavities. Mucous - Line body surfaces which open directly to the exterior. They produce a film of mucus.

Question 12

Synovial membrane

Answer 12

An example of connective tissue membrane which lines joint cavities.

Question 13

Mediastinum

Answer 13

Contains the heart.

Question 14

Pleural cavities

Answer 14

Right contains right lung. Left contains left lung.

Question 15

Diaphragm

Answer 15

Prime skeletal muscle for respiration. Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.

Question 16

Anatomical position

Answer 16

The body is erect, palms face forward, and thumbs point away from the body.

Question 17

Superior/Interior

Answer 17

Superior (more towards the head)

Question 18

Proximal/distal

Answer 18

Proximal (beginning or closer to attachment point)

Question 19

Lateral/medial

Answer 19

Lateral (away from the mid-line)

Question 20

Superficial/deep

Answer 20

Superficial (towards the outside of body)

Question 21

Axial region

Answer 21

The head, neck, and trunk. (central part of body)

Question 22

Appendicular region

Answer 22

Upper and lower limbs. (arms and legs)

Question 23

Mouth

Answer 23

Oral

Question 24

Nose

Answer 24

Nasal

Question 25

Neck

Answer 25

Cervical

Question 26

Point of shoulder

Answer 26

Acromial

Question 27

Armpit

Answer 27

Axillary

Question 28

Abdomen

Answer 28

Abdominal

Question 29

Arm

Answer 29

Brachial

Question 30

Front of elbow

Answer 30

Antecubital

Question 31

Forearm

Answer 31

Antebrachial

Question 32

Pelvis

Answer 32

Pelvic

Question 33

Wrist

Answer 33

Carpal

Question 34

Thumb

Answer 34

Pollex

Question 35

Palm

Answer 35

Palmar

Question 36

Fingers/Toes

Answer 36

Digital

Question 37

Genital region

Answer 37

Pubic

Question 38

Anterior knee

Answer 38

Patellar

Question 39

Leg

Answer 39

Crural

Question 40

Foot

Answer 40

Pedal

Question 41

Ankle

Answer 41

Tarsal

Question 42

Forehead

Answer 42

Frontal

Question 43

Eye

Answer 43

Orbital

Question 44

Cheek

Answer 44

Buccal/Zygomatic

Question 45

Chin

Answer 45

Mental

Question 46

Breastbone

Answer 46

Sternal

Question 47

Chest

Answer 47

Thoracic

Question 48

Breast

Answer 48

Mammary

Question 49

Navel

Answer 49

Umbilical

Question 50

Hip

Answer 50

Coxal

Question 51

Groin

Answer 51

Inguinal

Question 52

Thigh

Answer 52

Femoral

Question 53

Side of leg

Answer 53

Fibular/Peroneal

Question 54

Great toe

Answer 54

Hallux

Question 55

Head

Answer 55

Cephalic

Question 56

Hand

Answer 56

Manus

Question 57

Ear

Answer 57

Otic

Question 58

Back of head/Base of skull

Answer 58

Occipital

Question 59

Spinal Column

Answer 59

Vertebral

Question 60

Shoulder blade

Answer 60

Scapular

Question 61

Back

Answer 61

Dorsum/dorsal

Question 62

Back of elbow

Answer 62

Olecranal

Question 63

Loin

Answer 63

Lumbar

Question 64

Between hips

Answer 64

Sacral

Question 65

Buttock

Answer 65

Gluteal

Question 66

Region between the anus and external genitalia

Answer 66

Perineal

Question 67

Back of knee

Answer 67

Popliteal

Question 68

Calf

Answer 68

Sural

Question 69

Heel

Answer 69

Calcaneal

Question 70

Sole

Answer 70

Plantar

Question 71

3 main planes

Answer 71

Sagittal plane - divides body into right and left parts. (midsagittal if equal right and left halves) Coronal (frontal) - anterior + posterior parts. Transverse - Horizontal plane or cross section, crosswise section into upper and lower parts.

Question 72

Caudal/Cephalad

Answer 72

Caudal (towards the tail)

Question 73

Ipsilateral/contralateral

Answer 73

Ipsilateral (on the same side of mid-line)