A&P Cardiorespiratory System

Question 1

An additional muscle which aids inspiration during exercise

Answer 1

Pectoralis minor

Question 2

An additional muscle which aids expiration during exercise

Answer 2

Internal intercostals

Question 3

The movement of gases from an area of high to low pressure

Answer 3

Diffusion

Question 4

Describe altitude

Answer 4

A training area >1500m above sea level where partial pressure of oxygen in the air is lower (than at sea level)

Question 5

Red pigment in muscle cells that stores oxygen

Answer 5

Myoglobin

Question 6

Define Asthma

Answer 6

Reversible narrowing of the airways with associated wheezing/ coughing/breathlessness

Question 7

Strengthening of the respiratory muscles is called

Answer 7

Inspiratory muscle training (IMT)

Question 8

What is carbon monoxide?

Answer 8

Poisonous gas inhaled when smoking. Haemoglobin has higher affinity for this than O2

Question 9

The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide at the capillary – muscle site

Answer 9

Internal respiration

Question 10

Describe capillaries

Answer 10

A blood vessel that maximises diffusion by being only one cell thick

Question 11

Describe the BOHR effect

Answer 11

an increase in the diffusion gradient caused by:
an increase in blood acidity and temperature
causes the oxygen-dissociation curve to shift to the right increasing the dissociation of O2 from haemoglobin

Question 12

an increase in the number of capillaries due to aerobic training

Answer 12

Capillarisation

Question 13

changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide or lactic acid are sensed by these structures

Answer 13

Chemoreceptors

Question 14

the difference between the concentration of a substance in one area compared to another area / also known as concentration gradient

Answer 14

Diffusion gradient

Question 15

this occurs when additional muscles such as the rectus abdominis, obliques and internal intercostals contract
or
a large decrease in thoracic cavity volume

Answer 15

Expiration during exercise

Question 16

What is the expiratory centre?

Answer 16

this sends stimulation to the rectus abdominis which stimulates a forced expiration

Question 17

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 17

the process of diffusion across a membrane

Question 18

a red blood cell that carries oxygen in the blood stream

Answer 18

Haemoglobin

Question 19

this occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostals contract
or
a small intake of air

Answer 19

Inspiration at rest

Question 20

What is partial pressure?

Answer 20

the pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gase , oxygen has a high PO2 in the alveoli

Question 21

What is the RCC and where is it in the body?

Answer 21

this is the Respiratory Control Centre, found in the medulla oblongata. It has two areas - one inspiratory and one expiratory

Question 22

sensory structures that recognises changes in temperature

Answer 22

Thermoreceptors

Question 23

What do baroreceptors do?

Answer 23

Sense pressure changes in stretch of the lungs and blood

Question 24

These structures sense movement in the body

Answer 24

Proprioceptors

Question 25

A sensory mechanism that feeds the | respiratory control centre

Answer 25

Neural Control

Question 26

An additional inspiratory muscle used when | exercising

Answer 26

Scalenes

Question 27

This is high in the capillary blood and low in | the muscle tissues at rest

Answer 27

Partial pressure of oxygen

Question 28

This process is caused by an increase in | thoracic cavity volume

Answer 28

Inspiration

Question 29

Name 3 training effects on the respiratory system

Answer 29

An increase in tidal volume, capillarisation and strengthening of the respiratory muscles are all..

Question 30

The Bohr effect is caused by this happening | during exercise

Answer 30

Increased acidity levels

Question 31

Where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the alveolar air

Answer 31

Altitude

Question 32

Expiration is due to passive recoil of the external intercostals and diaphragm in this condition

Answer 32

Rest

Question 33

An oxygen dissociation curve shows this level | of oxygen in the haemoglobin

Answer 33

Saturation level

Question 34

What is "train high, live low?"

Answer 34

A way of using altitude to maximise training | adaptations

Question 35

What are aerobic adaptations?

Answer 35

Structural changes in response to aerobic training e.g. increased mitochondrial density and capillarisation

Question 36

This is work performed without the use of oxygen - high intensity and short duration due to production of lactic acid as a by-product

Answer 36

Anaerobic work

Question 37

A thin muscle separating the chest and the abdomen. The main muscle used in passive and active breathing

Answer 37

Diaphragm

Question 38

The process of inspiration and expiration through the mechanics of breathing is called?

Answer 38

Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 39

Which hormone produces a greater amount of red blood cells at altitude

Answer 39

EPO - Erythropoietin

Question 40

When we exercise, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the ..........

Answer 40

Right - decreasing the affinity between red blood cells and carried oxygen to allow it to reach the working muscles - DISSOCIATION