A&P Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Define and give and example of an isotonic concentric contraction

Answer 1

Muscle contraction when the muscle shortens under tension. Eg hamstrings muscle during knee flexion in preparation phase of a kick

Question 2

Which type of muscle fibres have many mitochondria and resists fatigue?

Answer 2

Type 1- slow oxidative muscle fibres

Question 3

Name the agonist and antagonist muscles for hip extension

Answer 3

Agonist- gluteus maximus Antagonist- iliopsoas

Question 4

Define osteoporosis

Answer 4

Disease characterised by low bone density

Question 5

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 5

Wearing down of articulate cartilage, causing swollen and painful joints

Question 6

Which muscle fibres have few capillaries and high anaerobic capacity

Answer 6

Type 2b- fast twitch glycolytic

Question 7

Define an eccentric muscle contraction

Answer 7

Muscle works whilst lengthening

Question 8

What is the movement? Agonist- biceps femoris Antagonist- rectus femoris

Answer 8

Flexion of the knee

Question 9

Name the antagonist muscle for elbow extension

Answer 9

Biceps brachii

Question 10

Name the agonist and antagonist in plantar flexion of the ankle

Answer 10

Agonist- gastrocnemius/soleus Antagonist- tibialis anterior

Question 11

A condition characterised by premature closing of the epiphysis, often associated with gymnasts and weightlifters

Answer 11

Growth plate disorder

Question 12

Which type of activities can be dangerous to joints due to over stretching connective tissue

Answer 12

High contact/collision physical activities

Question 13

Give an example of an isometric contraction?

Answer 13

Gymnasts when holding the crucifix position on the rings. Muscles are applying force but not changing length

Question 14

Name 5 structures that determine synovial joint stability

Answer 14

Ligaments, tendons, muscle mass, bursae, articulate cartilage, joint depth, synovial fluid, joint capsule, synovial membrane, meniscus, joint cavity

Question 15

Which muscles help your posture?

Answer 15

Transverse abdominis Multifidis Erector spinae

Question 16

Sports that can damage joints by wearing away the articular cartilage. Eg tennis elbow and shin splints

Answer 16

Repetitive action physical activity

Question 17

Which joint allows a leg spin bowler to impart spin on a cricket ball

Answer 17

Radio-ulnar joint

Question 18

Name the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff

Answer 18

Teres minor Infraspinatus Subscapularis Supraspinatus

Question 19

What increases muscle temperature, elasticity and reduces the risk of injury?

Answer 19

Warm up

Question 20

Describe abduction

Answer 20

Movement away from the body’s centre line

Question 21

List the parts of the spine

Answer 21

Atlas/axis Cervicle Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx

Question 22

Name the agonist for flexion of the spine

Answer 22

Rectus abdominis

Question 23

Name 3 types of injury that can affect connective tissue and joint stability

Answer 23

Sprains Strains Dislocations

Question 24

Name 2 structural and functional characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres

Answer 24

Structural- small/many mitochondria, many capillaries, thin myelin sheath Functional- low speed/force of contraction, high fatigue resistance

Question 25

Give an example of the 6 types of synovial joints

Answer 25

Condyloid- wrist Hinge- knee Ball and socket- hip Pivot- neck Gliding- metacarpals Saddle- thumb

Question 26

Which 2 movements occur at the radio-ulnar joint?

Answer 26

Pronation and supination

Question 27

Which plane of movement is a cyclist working in?

Answer 27

Saggital

Question 28

Decreasing the angle of a joint is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 28

Flexion

Question 29

This occurs at the shoulder when the joint is already flexed and parallel to the ground and moves towards the middle of the body

Answer 29

Horizontal flexion

Question 30

Describe the movement occurring to the knee joint during the execution phase of kicking in football. Also give the agonist and antagonist muscle

Answer 30

Knee extension Agonist- Rectus femoris (quadriceps group) Antagonist- Biceps femoris (hamstrings group)

Question 31

Name the articulating bones of the shoulder

Answer 31

Humerus, glenoid fossa cavity of scapula

Question 32

Name the articulating bones of the hip

Answer 32

Femur and acetabulum of pelvis

Question 33

Where is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?

Answer 33

Origin- scapula Insertion- radius

Question 34

Which muscle is responsible for hip flexion?

Answer 34

Iliopsoas

Question 35

Name the 4 quadriceps muscles

Answer 35

Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius

Question 36

Name two effects of warm up on the cardiac system

Answer 36

Increased HR Increased SV Increased Q

Question 37

What is adduction?

Answer 37

Adduction of a joint makes the body part move towards the midline e.g. the inward phase of a star-jump

Question 38

What is an antagonistic pair?

Answer 38

Two (or more) muscles which work together to provide co-ordinated movement

Question 39

Antagonistic muscle action

Answer 39

When two muscles work together to produce co-ordinated movement - as one muscle lengthens the opposing muscle shortens

Question 40

These are small bony projections which form around the joint surface that cause pain and limit movement. Associated with osteoarthritis

Answer 40

Bone spurs

Question 41

These contribute to joint stability by connecting bone to bone

Answer 41

Ligaments

Question 42

What is meant by the term sedentary lifestyle?

Answer 42

An inactive lifestyle with a limited amount of physical activity

Question 43

Name 3 effects of warm uo on the respiratory system

Answer 43

Increased rate and depth of breathing Increased tidal volume Increased minute ventilation

Question 44

What is core stability?

Answer 44

The ability of the trunk region to stabilise the body during physical activity. It allows muscles and joints to work safely and efficiently

Question 45

Name 2 effects of warm up on the vascular system

Answer 45

Increased Cardiac Output (Q) to the working muscles Increased venous return Increased vascular shunt

Question 46

Name 3 effects of warm up on the musculo-skeletal system

Answer 46

Increased speed and force of contractions Decreased muscle viscosity Increased O2 delivery Increased coordination of muscle pairs

Question 47

Name 2 effects of warm up on the body's metabolism

Answer 47

Increased core temperature Decreased O2 deficit Delayed OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation)

Question 48

Name 5 other general effects of warm up on performance

Answer 48

Decreased risk of injury Delays fatigue Psychological preparation

Question 49

Decreased recovery time Prevents blood pooling Better preparation for next training session Prevents DOMS These are effects of?

Answer 49

An appropriate cool down

Question 50

What is the point of a cool down?

Answer 50

Gets the body back to its pre-exercise state Optimises the adaptation processes Minimises DOMS Prepares you for your next performacne

Question 51

Apart from a cool down, what other practices can/should be included in a recovery programme?

Answer 51

Diet- replace carbohydrates and consume protein to aid recovery Ice baths Compression clothing Consume water and electrolytes to rehydrate Rest