A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Gross
A
Macroscopic
2
Q
Regional
A
Regions (includes all components)
3
Q
Systemic
A
Systems
4
Q
Surface
A
Internal and related to skin
5
Q
Developmental
A
Changes over life
6
Q
Living Bodies Require
A
homeostasis
maintain boundaries
response to environment
metabolism
dispose waste
reproduce
grow / develop
7
Q
Integumentary system
A
hair skin nails
8
Q
Skeletal system
A
bones joints
9
Q
Muscular system
A
skeletal muscles
10
Q
Nervous system
A
brain, spine, nerves
11
Q
Lymphatic system
A
red bone marrow
thymus
lymphatic vessels
thoracic duct
spleen
lymph nodes
12
Q
Respiratory system
A
Nasal cavity
pharnyx
larynx
trachea
lung
bonchus
13
Q
Digestive system
A
oral cavity
esophagus
liver
stomach
large / small intestines
rectum
anus
14
Q
Endocrine system
A
Pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovary / testis
15
Q
Cardiovascular system
A
heart
vessels
16
Q
Urinary system
A
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
uretra
17
Q
Male Reproductive System
A
prostate
penis
testis
ductus deferens
scrotum
18
Q
Female Reproductive System
A
MAmmary glands
ovary
uterus
vagina
uterine tube
19
Q
Superior
A
toward head
20
Q
Inferior
A
toward lower end
21
Q
anterior / ventral
A
front
22
Q
posterior / dorsal
A
back
23
Q
medial
A
midline
24
Q
lateral
A
outer side(s)
25
intermediate
between medial and lateral
26
proximal
closer to origin of part or limb attachment
27
distal
farther from origin of part or limb attachment
28
superficial
close to surface
29
deep
away from surface
30
cephalic
head
31
manus
hand
32
cervical
neck
33
pedal
foot
34
abdomenal
abdomen / back
35
pelvic
pelvis
36
pubic
genital
37
thorax
chest
38
back
dorsum
39
dorsal body cavity breaks into
cranial cavity and vertebral cavinty
40
cranial cavity
skull
41
vertebral cavity
spinal cord
42
function of dorsal body cavity
protects nervous system organs
43
ventral body cavity
visceral organs
44
thoracic cavity
ribs / chest muscles
45
abdominopelvic cavity
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, bony pelvis: bladder and some reproductive organs
46
Pleural cavity
lungs
47
Mediastinum
pericardial cavity around heart
48
ventral body cavity broken into
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
49
thoracic cavity broken into
pleural cavity
mediastinum
50
what separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
51
serosa
serous membrane
52
membrane lining cavity walls
parietal serosa
53
membrane covering organs
visceral serosa
54
layers of serosa
separated by serous fluid
55
parietal pleurae
lines walls of thoracic cavity
56
visceral pleurae
covers lungs
57
parietal peritoneum
walls of abdiminopelvic cavity
58
visceral peritoneum
covers most abdominopelvic organs
59
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
60
visceral pericardium
covers heart
61
Upper right / left abdomen
right / left hypochondriac
62
upper center of abdomen
epigastric
63
right/left middle of abdomen
R/L lateral (lumbar)
64
middle middle of abdomen
umbilical
65
Right/left lower abdomen
R/L inguinal (iliac)
66
Variable
factor / event being regulated
67
Receptor
monitors environment
responds to stimuli
sends input along afferent pathway to control center
68
Control Center
determines set point
compares input to set point and sends info along efferent pathway to effector
69
Effector
carries out control centers response to stimulus
Results fed back to increase / decrease the stimulus.
70
Nervous tissue
internal communication
71
Types of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
72
Types of muscle tissue
skeletal (attach to bones)
heart (cardiac)
walls of hollow organs (smooth)
73
Function of muscle tissue
contract to cause movement
74
Function of epithelial tissue
form boundaries between different environments, protect, secrete, absorb, filter
75
Types of connective tissue
bones, tendons, fat, soft padded tissue, blood
76
Function of connective tissue
support, protect, bind together other tissues
77
Where can epithelia tissue be found
covering body surface
lining a body cavity
forming glands
78
Functions of epithelial tissue
protect
absorb
filter
excrete
secrete
receive sensory signals
79
Epithelial tissue polarity
upper surface (apical ) is free to leumen or cavity
lower surface (basal) attached to basement membrane
80
How is epithelia classified
number of cell layers and cell shape
81
simple vs. stratified epithelia
simple = one layer
stratified = 2 or more layers
82
Squamous
scale like or squahsed flat
83
Cuboidal
cube shaped
84
columnar
taller than wide
85
two exceptions to epithelial naming
transitional and pseudostratified
86
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium
all diffusion and filtration in places where protection is not important
secreting lubricating substance in serosae
87
Where can you find simple squamous epithelial cells
kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs. lining of heart, blood vessel, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
88
What does simple cuboidal epithelial tissue look like?
single layer, cube like, large round nucleus.
89
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
secretion and absorption
90
Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
91
What does simple columnar epithelium look like
single layer, tall cells, round to oval nuclei. Some have cilia. Layer may contain goblet cells
92
What is the function of simple columnar epithelial cells?
Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc If ciliated, propels mucus or reproductive cells
93
Where can you find simple columnar epithelial cells
Nonciliated: most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands.
Ciliated: small bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus.
94
What does pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like
single layer
cells are differing heights
Not all cells reach free surface
Nuclei at different levels
May have mucus secreting cells or cilia.
95
What is the function of pseudostratified epithelium
secretion of mucus (and other things)
propulsion of mucus using cilia
96
Where can you find pseudostratified epithelium
Nonciliated: males sperm carrying ducts and large gland ducts
Ciliated: lines trachea and upper respiratory tract
97
What does stratified squamous epithelium look like
thick membrane composed of several cell layers.
Base cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active.
Base cells do mitosis and produce the layers of other cells.
surface cells are dead and full of keratin
surface cells are flattened (squamous)
98
WHat is the function of stratified squamous epithelium
protection of underlying tissues from abrasion
99
Where do you find stratified squamous epithelium
nonkeratinized: moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina
keratinized: epidermis of skin (a dry membrane)
100
What does transitional epithelium look like?
stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal. basal cells cuboidal or columnar. surface cells are dome shaped or squamous-like (depending on stretch)
101
What is the function of transitional epithelium
stretches and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
102
103
Where do you find transitional epithelium
lines ureters urinary bladder and parts of urethra
104
WHat are the two criteria to classify glandular epithelia
site of product release:
ductless = endocrine
true ducts = exocrine
number of cells forming the gland
one (ex. goblet cells)
more than one
105
Endocrine glands
ductless
secrete hormones that travel through blood to organs
106
Examples of endocrine glands
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroiid
adrenal
pineal glands
gonads
107
Exocrine glands
secrete products into ducts
more numerous than endocrine,
products released onto body surface or into cavities
108
Examples of exocrine glands
sweat glands
mucous secreting glands
oil secreting glands
salivary glands
109
WHat are the 4 main classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone tissue
blood
110
What are the main functions of connective tissue
binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation
111
What are the two types of connective tissue proper
loose
dense
112
What are the three types of loose connective tissue
areolar
adipose
reticular
113
what are the three types of dense connective tissue
regular
irregular
elastic
114
what re the three types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
115
What is areolar connective tissue like
gel - like matrix
all three cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some WBCs
116
What is the function of areolar connective tissue
wraps and cushions organs
phagocytize bacteria
plays role in inflammation
holds, moves tissue fluids
117
Where do you find areolar connective tissue
widely under epithelia of body
forms lamina propria of mucous membranes
packages organs
surrounds capillaries
118
WHat does adipose connective tissue look like
cloely packed adipocytes nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet
119
What is the function of adipose tissue
provide fuel reserve
insulate against heat loss
support / protect organs
120
Where do you find adipose tissue
under skin in hypodermis
around kidneys and eyeballs
abdomen and breasts
121
What does loose reticular connective tissue look like
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground network
reticular cells lie on the network
122
What is the function of reticular connective tissue
form a soft internal skeleton to support other cells types (wbcs, mast cells and macrophages)
scaffold of lymphatic system and bone marrow
123
where do you find loose reticular connective tissue
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)`
124
what does dense regular connective tissue look like
parallel collagen fibers
few elastic fibers
mostly fibroblasts
125
what is the function of the dense regular connective tissue
attaches muscles to bones or to other muscle
attaches bone to bone
withstands tensile stress when force applied in one direction
tendons and ligaments
126
What does dense irregular connective tissue look like
irregularly arranged collagen fibers
some elastic fibers
mostly fibroblasts
127
what is the function of dense irregular connectie tissue
joint capsules
withstand tensile stress in many directions
structural strength
128
where do you find dense irregular connective tissue
fibrous capsules of organs and joints
dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
129
what does dense elastic connective tissue look like
high proportion of elastic fibers
very densly packed
130
what is the function of dense elastic connecctive tissue
recoil of tissue after stretching
maintain blood flow through arteries
aid in recoil of lungs after inhalation
131
where do you find dense elastic connective tissue
walls of arteries
ligaments of the vertebral column
walls of bronchial tubes
132
what does hyaline cartilage look like
amorphous but firm matix
collagen fibers form hard to see network
mature chondrocytes in lacunae
133
what is the function of hyaline cartilage
support
resilient cushioning
resists compressive stress
134
where do you find hyaline cartilage
most of embryonic skeleton
covers ends of long boes in joint cavities to decrease friction
cartilage in ribs, nose, trachea and larnyx
135
what does elastic cartilage look like
more elastic fibers in matrix than hyaline
136
what is the function of elastic cartilage
maintain shape while allowing for flexibility
137
where do you find elastic cartilage
ear (external called pinna), epiglottis
138
what does fibrocartilage look like
thick collagen fibers, less firm than hyaline
139
what is the function of fibrocartilage
tensile strength
absorb compressive shock
140
where do you find fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
141
What is the primary cell type in bone and what mkes bone hard
osteoblasts, made hard by calcium salts
142
What is the basic structure and function of bone
osteocytes in lacunae
structural unit = osteon
highly vascularized
support and protect body structures
bone cavities provide place for fat storage and hematopoesis
143
What is the basic structure and function of blood
cells surrounded by plasma (fluid matrix)
Three types of cells: neutrophils and leukocytes.
Function = transport
144
What are the types of leukocytes
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
never let ,monkeys eat bananas
145
what are the main components of the nervous system
brain
spinal cord
nerves (regulate and control body functions)
146
two types of cells in nervous tissue
neurons
glial cells (supporting cells)
147
parts of a neuron
dendrites - receive signal, bring info into the cell body (aka sensory receptors)
axons - take signals away from cell body.
148
Function and structure of muscle tissue
most types of body movement
myofilaments: both actin and myosin
3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
149
How to recognize skeletal muscle tissue
striations with nuclei between layers
long cylindrical cells packed closely together in layers
150
how to recognize cardiac muscle
striations have intercalated discs
most cells unnucleated
151
how to recognize smooth muscle
spindle shaped cells
central nuclei
No striations and cells form sheets
On walls of hollow organs
152
What are the two methods of tissue repair
regeneration (replace with same tissue)
fibrosis (replace with scar tissue)
153
3 steps in tissue repair
inflammation
organization
regeneration
Repair capacity differs by organ
154
epidermis is ______to the dermis
superficial
155
What type of tissue is found under the epidermis
connective
156
_______is deep to the dermis and not part of the integumentary system
hypodermis
157
WHat type of cells is the epidermis made of
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
158
What are the main types of cells in the epidermis
kreatinocytes
melanocytes
dendridic cells (immune)
fibroblasts
merkel cells (touch)
159
Layers of [ of epidermis from superficial to deep
can lucy give some blood
Stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
160
most superficial layer of living cells
stratum granulosum
161
layer with cells undergoing mitosis
stratum basale
162
True or False here is no blood suppy to the epiermis
true
163
164
What are the two layers of the dermis
papillary and reticular
165
true or false the dermis is connective tissue
true
165
what can be found in the dermis
nerve fibers
blood vesses
lymphatic vessel
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
166
the papillary layer of the dermis contains
areolar connective tissue
dermal papillae on superior surface
friction ridges and sweat glands (fingerprints)
167
The reticular layer of the dermis contains
dense irregular connective tissue
nourished by cutaneous plexus
clevage lines - collagen patterns
flexure lines reflect dermal modifications (palm)
168
Striae
slivery white scars from dermal tearingblister
169
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