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A&P > A&P - Endo and OB > Flashcards

A&P - Endo and OB Flashcards

1
Q

During a vasectomy, what is cut to prevent the sperm from traveling from the epididymis and the urethra?

A

Vas Deferens

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2
Q

Why is the blood-testes barrier important?

A

Spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system

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3
Q

What does the cremaster muscle & dorsal muscle do?

A

Help regulate the temp of the testis

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4
Q

Your patient presents with complaints of pelvic pain and mild spotting during early pregnancy. You measure quantitative human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) levels which are doubling appropriately, she is likely in what stage of pregnancy?

A

Implantation

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5
Q

What makes up the majority of semen?

A

Seminal Vesicle

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6
Q

What system does the anterior pituitary use?

A

Hypophyseal System

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7
Q

What is released during the fight or flight phase and where?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. Adrenal Medulla

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8
Q

This is used in the negative feedback loop with GH regulation?

A

IGF

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9
Q

What occurs after ovulation?

A

Hormones decrease in the corpus luteum

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10
Q

26 yo male with big hands and feet. What does he have?

A

Acromegaly

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11
Q

What HM is released from the thyroid and lowers calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

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12
Q

What is the term used to describe when the placenta grows deeply into the uterine wall?

A

Placenta Accreta - Chronic Villi

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13
Q

What is the greatest risk for (testicular something) infertility? in young males?

A

Undescended testes

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14
Q

Which thyroid HM is typically measured 1st?

A

Free

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15
Q

Which HM controls the let-down reflex?

A

Oxytocin

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16
Q

Cryptorchidism causes difficulties with

A

Fertility

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17
Q

What HM controls milk PRODUCTION?

A

Prolactin

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18
Q

Recent head injury, pt presents with excessive urination and excessive thirst (polyuria, polydipsia). His glucose levels are normal. Plasma sodium is VERY elevated. What caused this?

A

Damage to the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

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19
Q

Cannot enter the cell without using G-protein receptors?

A

Water soluble hormones, secondary messenger

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20
Q

Short stature

A

Dwarfism

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21
Q

64 yr old woman + hot flashes + sleep issues?

A

Menopause

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22
Q

Explain the regulation that occurs in Type 2 Diabetic

A

Down-Regulation (decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making cells less sensitive to insulin

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23
Q

Woman with big eyes (exophthalmos), weight loss?

A

Graves Disease

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24
Q

Where does the production of sperm occur?

A

Testes and Seminiferous Tubules

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25
Q

What controls uterine contraction?

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

Stress, anterior pituitary, what HM?

A

ACTH

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27
Q

Uterus tissue implants elsewhere - what disease?

A

Endometriosis

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28
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Fallopian Tubes

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29
Q

What happens to the testes when it’s hot outside?

A

Testes drop

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30
Q

What mother produces in the first days of lactation, mainly IGA Antibodies?

A

Colostrum

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31
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid released from the zona faciculata layer in the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

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32
Q

Cortium luteum has already impacted, what hormone SUSTAINS it?

A

hCG

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33
Q

What happens right after ovulation?

A

Luteal Phase

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34
Q

Pt asks intoxicated but is not drunk, how could this happen and what do you do?

A

hypoglycemia, increase glucagon

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35
Q

Non-diabetic patient comes in and hasn’t ate breakfast or lunch, what should they be given?

A

Glucagon

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36
Q

What controls calcium and bone break down?

A

Parathyroid HM

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37
Q

What do you want to counsel on if you do not want to get pregnant? Don’t have sex during what time period?

A

24 hrs after ovulation

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38
Q

Corpus Luteum prevents loss of the implanted embryo through menstruation by secreting which HM?

A

Progesterone

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39
Q

What hormone is synthesized from cholesterol?

A

Testosterone

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40
Q

Which of the following phases or processes in the female reproductive cycle occurs simultaneously?

A

regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

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41
Q

What has a SLOW but long lasting effect?

A

Hormone

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42
Q

These type of HMs bind intracellulary to alter DNA transcription and translation and “turn on” the cell?

A

Steroids

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43
Q

HM release secondary to decreased levels of calcium is called ?

A

Humoral

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44
Q

T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH. but what also inhibits TH secretion?

A

Growth HM

45
Q

These types of HMs bind extracellullary to G-protein receptors?

A

Amino Acids

46
Q

HM stimulation from the anterior pituitary to the thyroid is an example of what?

A

Hormonal

47
Q

Adrenal release of epinephrine is mediated by what type of control?

A

Neural

48
Q

The half life, onset, and duration of hormone activity depends on what?

A

Solubility

49
Q

In type 2 diabetes, there is a ? regulation of insulin receptors on cells causing insulin resistance

A

down

50
Q

Insulin and glucagon are examples of hormone _ ?

A

Antagonism

51
Q

Calcitonin and PTH are examples of hormone _ ?

A

Antagonism

52
Q

With LOW calcium levels, you would expect PTH to be ? and calcitonin to be ?

A

PTH high and Calcitonin low

53
Q

Which 2 HMs stimulate the liver to release glucose?

A

Epinephrine and Glucose

54
Q

Neurohypophysis is a characteristic of the ?

A

Posterior Pituitary

55
Q

Adenohyphyophysis is a characteristic of the ?

A

Anterior Pituitary

56
Q

Where is oxytocin and ADH secreted?

A

Posterior Pituitary

57
Q

ADH is secreted by the ? neurons and Oxytocin is produced by the ? neurons

A

ADH - Supraoptic, Oxytocin - Paraventricular

58
Q

What HM acts as a NT and is responsible for contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding?

A

Oxytocin

59
Q

Damage to supraoptic neurons of the posterior pituitary will result in abnormal levels of ?

A

ADH

60
Q

GH, secreted by the anterior pituitary, is responsible for ? (5)

A
  • Glycogenesis
  • Ghrelin for hunger
  • Increased fatty acids
  • Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)
  • Stimulation of bone growth
61
Q

Osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus sense high solute concentrations causing ADH _ ? (Vasopressin)

A

Secretion

62
Q

Does hypoglycemia increase or decrease GH release?

A

Increase

63
Q

Does somatostatin increase or decrease GH release?

A

Decrease

64
Q

GH induces the production of?

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

65
Q

Does ghrelin increase or decrease GH release?

A

Increase

66
Q

Cortisol is the highest at what time?

A

AM

67
Q

Fever, hypoglycemia, and stressor may impact levels of ?

A

Cortisol

68
Q

FSH and LH stimulate the production of ?

A

Estrogen/Progesterone

69
Q

Mineralocorticoids of zona glomerulosa in the cortex control what ?

A

Na and K concentrations in the RAAS system

70
Q

Glucocorticoids of the zona fasciulata in the cortex are responsible for what? (sex hm, cushings, epi/norepi, na/k)

A

cushings

71
Q

What controls catecholamine release?

A

adrenal medulla

72
Q

What cells correspond with diabetes?

A

Islet cells

73
Q

Melatonin is known to affect day and night cycles along with? (4)

A

-Puberty
-Detoxing (antioxidant productions)
-Body Temp
-Appetite

74
Q

How does insulin decrease glucose levels? (3)

A

-Prevents glycogen breakdown
-Transports glucose into cells to produce ATP, fat, and glycogen
-Prevents AA ad fat from converting into glucose

75
Q

The uterine layer responsible for housing a fertilized egg during pregnancy and is shed during menstration?

A

Endometrium

76
Q

The stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation along with which of the following, i.e. why there is bleeding

A

Spiral Arteries

77
Q

This muscle is responsible for elevating the testes and can be tested as a reflex.

A

Cremaster

78
Q

While semen contains sperm, 70% of semen is actually made by what gland?

A

Seminal vessels

79
Q

Erection is what type of neural response?

A

Parasympathetic

80
Q

Ejaculation is what type of neural response (2)

A

sympathetic and spinal

81
Q

Men have a ______ period while women can have multiple orgasms.

A

latent/refractory

82
Q

Leydig cells of the testes produce _

A

androgens

83
Q

What cells of the testes play a role in sperm production?

A

sustenocytes

84
Q

Both an egg and a _______ are impacted during ovulation.

A

follicle

85
Q

The first part of the menstral cycle is known as the ____ phase where a dominant follicle becomes sensitive to FSH.

A

follicular

86
Q

Mittelschmerz is also known as

A

pain during ovulation

87
Q

The corpus luteum (i.e. empty follicle) secretes which of the following (select two)?

A

estrogen and progesterone

88
Q

What hormone is primarily responsible for ovulation as it “surges” mid cycle?

A

LH

89
Q

Cryptochoridism may be due to a defect in this fibrous cord?

A

gubernaculum

90
Q

Levonorgestrel (Plan B) does which of the following? (3)

A

-slows GnRH release
-Prevents ovulation, implantation, and fertilization
-Supresses LH

91
Q

About 2/3 of all formed zygotes fail to implant resulting in spontaneous abortion? (T/F)

A

true

92
Q

At the beginning of pregnancy these levels are high and measured quantitatively (also known as “quants”)?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

93
Q

The epithelial layers of the _______ become the nervous system and skin.

A

ectoderm

94
Q

? is necessary to prevent neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

95
Q

XO in someone that never develops ovaries

A

Turner’s syndrome

96
Q

XXY in a male that is sterile and has subnormal intellectual abilities.

A

Klinfelters Syndrome

97
Q

XY in someone with female gonads

A

Intersex

98
Q

The embryonic period is a time of (multiple answers likely): (3)

A

-organogenesis
-ossification
-gstrulation

99
Q

The fetal period is a time of

A

rapid growth

100
Q

Blue discoloration of cervix, vagina, and vulva (early sign of pregnancy)

A

Chadwick sign

101
Q

What is increased in pregnancy? (3)

A

-Blood volume and cardiac output
-tidal volume
-urine production

102
Q

Release of this hormone from the fetus prepares for labor?

A

Cortisol

103
Q

Fetal fibronectin is an adhesive protein that is lost during the end of pregnancy and functions to

A

hold dental maternal tissues together

104
Q

Baby’s head if engaged in the pelvic outlet

A

Early dilation

105
Q

babys head starts to rotate

A

late dialtion

106
Q

Babys head/neck extends

A

expulsion

107
Q

placenta detachment and delivery

A

placenta stage

108
Q

The most important aspect of stimulation of prolactin levels after birth is what?

A

Milk production and Suckling

A&P (3 decks)

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