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a&p exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is positive feedback and an example of it

A

mechanisms can only increase the effect of the stimulus-no built in slow down mechanism. just increased production…. often dependent upon external event to stop.

ex. when you cut finger positive feedback contributed to the rapid formation of a platelet plugging an injured blood vessel. inured area attracts more platelets then platelet attracts more platelets to plug the cut.

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2
Q

what is homeostasis and how does negative and positive feedback control it

A

homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions

feedback mechanisms allow body to exist in state of equilibrium when changes to homeostasis cancel eachother out

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3
Q

what is vellus hair

A

fine hairs over most of body surface
“peach fuzz”

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4
Q

what are the parts of regulatory/homeostatic pathway

A

RECEPTOR: acts as sensor which is triggered by particular change (ex. temp)

CONTROL CENTER: receives info from receptor & relays directions for specific actions to restore homeostasis

EFFECTOR: reacts to commands from the control center and preforms the actions that will restore homeostasis

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5
Q

what is homeostasis

A

creation and maintenance of the ideal environment for cellular activities

(98.6 F)
(7.35 PH)

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6
Q

steps of skin regeneration

A

HOMEOSTASIS: blood clotting

INFLAMMATORY: scabbing

PROLIFERATION: fibroblasts proliferating

REMODELING: freshly healed epidermis & dermis

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7
Q

what are the skin pigments

A

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

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8
Q

what are the layers of skin

A

EPIDERMIS: outermost layer of skin. provided waterproof barrier & created skin tone

DERMIS: beneath epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, & sweat glands

DEEPER SUBCUTANEOUS: made of fat & connective tissue

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9
Q

structure and function of skeletal system

A

STRUCTURE: axial skeleton (central core unit; skull, vertebrae, ribs sternum) and appendicular skeleton(bones of extremities)

FUNCTION: gives body shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection from organs

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10
Q

structure and function of integumentary system

A

STRUCTURE: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
associated w/ glands, hair and nails

FUNCTION: body temp regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of vitamin d, detection of stimuli

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11
Q

structure and function of skin

A

STRUCTURE: skin has 3 layers. emidermis, dermis, and deeper subcutaneous tissue.

FUNCTION: largest organ that protects against germs, regulates body temp. and enables touch sensation

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12
Q

types of skin cancer

A

melanoma
basal cell
squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

how does the body protect itself from UV light

A

body releases melanin which absorbs UVB rays to protect other cells nearby. carotene also helps protect against harmful rays

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14
Q

what is acne and what causes it

A

when hair follicles become plugged w oil and dead skin cells, it causes acne

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15
Q

function of apocrine sweat glands

A

emotional stress causes the tubule wall to contract, expelling the fatty sweat secretion to the skin.

secretes through decapitation which entails membrane budding of the apical cytoplasm

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16
Q

characteristics and location of epithelial tissue

A

LOCATION: found in all internal and external surfaces of the body. lines body cavities and hollow organs. is the major tissue in glands

CHARACTERISTICS: polarity, cell sheets, cell junction, basement membrane, nerve innervation, lack of blood cells

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17
Q

characteristics and location of connective tissue proper

A

LOCATION: directly beneath the epidermis of the skin

CHARACTERISTICS: an abundance of intercellular matrix w/ few cells. collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastin fibers

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18
Q

what are the two types of skin

A

THIN: 4 layers of keratinocytes (covers most the body)

THICK: 5 layers of keratinocytes(covers palms of hands and soles of feet)

B: stratum basale
S: stratum spinosum
G: stratum granulosum
L: stratum lucidum
o
C: stratum corneum

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19
Q

what do krause end bulbs do

A

detect cold

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20
Q

eccrine glands structure/function

A

STRUCTURE: simple coiled glands (smaller coils than apocrine glands)

FUNCTION: help regulate temp. of the body

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21
Q

insensible perspiration

A

-occurs from skin and respiratory tract
-no solutes are lost during this
-main source of heat loss in the body
-fluid loss by evaporation

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22
Q

cells found in skin & their function

A

KERATINOCYTES: full of protein, keratin, tough and waterproof

MELANOCYTES: makes skins pigment

LANGERHANS: prevent things from getting into skin

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23
Q

apocrine sweat gland structure and function

A

STRUCTURE: made of epithelial tissues. coiled structure in dermis and straight duct that connects this structure to surface of epidermis

FUNCTION: emotional stress causes the tubule wall to contract which expels the fatty secretion to the skin where local bacteria breaks it down into odorous fatty acids

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24
Q

epithelial polarity

A

epithelial cells are apical, lateral and sit on basement membranes

apical surfaces, lateral domains

separated by adherents and tight junctions

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25
what is fascia?
a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber, and muscle in place. layers of connective tissue that support the organs
26
types of fascia and where they’re found
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA: areolar and adipose tissue that separates skin from tissues and organs DEEP FASCIA: dense irregular connective tissue arranged in sheets,surrounds organ capsules and covers bone/muscle SUBSEROUS FASCIA: areolar tissue that separates serous membranes from deep fascia
27
4 basic types of tissues found in the body
connective tissue epithelial tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue
28
sensible perspiration
occurs because of eccrine sweat glands when body temp. rises, sympathetic nervous system stimulates the eccrine sweat glands to secrete water to the skin surface where it cools the body by evaporation
29
what are the functions of the integumentary system
*includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis & is associated to glands, hair, and nails.* HELPS W/ BODY TEMP. REGULATION, CELL FLUID MAINTENANCE, SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D & DETECTION OF STIMULI
30
function of desmosomes and where they’re found
allows cells to be pulled, pushed, or moved against eachother while maintaining integrity of tissue. acts as spot welds or rivets(keeping cells in proper alignment) FOUND IN CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE, BLADDER TISSUE, GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA & EPITHELIA
31
fibers in connective tissue and what they do
COLLAGEN: most common type of fiber in connective tissue. flexible but strong, straight and unbranched. make up bulls of tendons and ligaments. holds connective tissue together during movement. RETICULAR: thinner than collagen fibers, forms a lattice or network by branching. aids in stabilizing positions of cells and vessels in organs. ELASTIC: branched wavy fiber that can stretch and return to their original shape. allows stress and recoil
32
mammary glands function
secrete milk
33
ceruminous glands location and function
protection of ear canal against physical damage and microbial invasion
34
eccrine sweat glands function
discharge a watery fluid onto the surface of the skin
35
function of tight junctions and where they’re found
don’t allow materials to pass between the cells in areas like intestines, tight junctions force materials in the lumen(the open tubular space of the intestine) to pass through the apical surface of the calls by blocking any passage past the sides FOUND IN EPITHELIA
36
apocrine sweat glands functions
secretes a thick, odorous fluid into hair follicles
37
structure of hair
HAIR ROOT: anchors hair into skin HAIR BULB: expanded base of hair root HAIR PAPILLA: connective tissue w/ capillaries & nerves surrounded by the root HAIR SHAFT: portion of hair above surface of the sKin MEDULLA: core of the hair shaft, has flexible soft keratin CORTEX: surrounds the medulla, has layers of inflexible hard keratin CUTICLE: external layer of hair, thin layer of hard keratin
38
function of intercalated discs and where they’re found
represent the undulating double membranes where two cells are tightly bound together by desmosomes and connected by gap junctions. allows electrical impulse conduction from cell to cell FOUND WITHIN CARDIAC MUSCLE
39
what is lanugo hair
fine and silky fetal hair
40
eccrine sweat gland function
secretes water to the skin surface where heat is removed by evaporation. secretes water through sweat pores.
41
what are terminal hairs
-heavy more deeply pigmented thick hair -can be curly
42
what is physiology
study of the function of anatomy of organisms and how different organisms work together from cellular to whole organism level CELL PHYSIOLOGY ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY
43
what is anatomy
study of body structures, both internal and external. examination of physical parts of body that can be seen with naked eye all the way down to structure so small that only a microscope can see GROSS ANATOMY MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
44
reproductive system structure and function
STRUCTURE: woman(ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina) men(prostate, testes, penis) FUNCTION: to produce egg and sperm cells for reproduction
45
exocrine vs. endocrine glands
EXOCRINE: secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface ENDOCRINE: secretes products directly into the blood stream
46
characteristics and location of nervous tissue
CHARACTERISTICS: sends and receives information, automatic response, transmits signals LOCATION: brain, spinal cord, nerves
47
characteristics and location of muscle tissue
CHARACTERISTICS: contractability, elasticity, extensibility, support, protection, heat generation and blood circulation LOCATION: hollow visceral organ walls except the heart
48
characteristics and location of bone
CHARACTERISTICS: support, protection, movement, mineral storage and hematopoiesis LOCATION: throughout the body
49
urinary system structure and function
STRUCTURE: kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra FUNCTION: remove waste products/medicines from the body. filters blood
50
sebaceous(oil) glands
discharged as sebum through the sebaceous duct connecting the gland to the hair follicle
51
sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
secretes substances into an epithelial surface
52
digestive system structure and function
STRUCTURE: GI tract starts at mouth> esophagus>stomach>small intestine>large intestine>anus liver, pancreas, gallbladder FUNCTION: help body break down and absorb food
53
characteristics and location of cartilage
CHARACTERISTICS: thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces LOCATION: where two bones meet in the body also at the ends of all bones that form joints
54
structure and function of respiratory system
STRUCTURE: airway, lungs, muscles of respiration FUNCTION: helps you breathe. moves oxygen throughout body and cleans out waste gases (ex. carbon dioxide)
55
structure and function of lymphatic system
STRUCTURE: large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs and lymphoid tissue, spleen FUNCTION: maintain fluid levels in body tissues by removing fluids that leak out of blood vessels (filtration)
56
structure and function of cardiovascular system
STRUCTURE: heart, veins, arteries, capillaries FUNCTION: delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other important substances to cells and organs
57
endocrine system structure and function
STRUCTURE: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands FUNCTION: releases hormones into bloodstream
58
nervous system structure and function
STRUCTURE: brain, spinal cord, nerves FUNCTION: transmits information by sending signals to brain, controls movements, automatic response.
59
muscular system structure and function
STRUCTURE: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle FUNCTION: contractibility, responsible for movement
60
epidermal growth factor
involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell division and survival a protein made by many cells that causes cells to grow and differentiate produced by salivary glands and duodenal glands stimulates secretion by epithelial glands accelerates keratinization promote division of basal cells
61
themes of A&P
homeostasis structure and function of body levels of organization integration of systems
62
functions of gap junctions and where they’re found
form passageways between cells and allow exchange of materials in the cytoplasm found in virtually all cells in solid tissue
63
what do ruffini endings do
detect stretch, deformation within joints and warmth
64
pacinian corpuscles
sensory receptors for vibration and deep touch pressure, detects transiet pressure/high frequency
65
merkel cells
found right below the epidermis, cells that are close to nerve endings that receive sensation of touch sense light touch
66
major membranes of body cavities
DORSAL BODY CAVITY: dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter VENTRAL BODY CAVITY: various serous membranes PLEURA: membrane that lines pericardial cavity(lungs) PERICARDIUM: membrane that lines the pericardial cavity (heart) PERITONEUM: membrane lines the peritoneal cavity, abdomino pelvic cavity and many organs
67
parietal vs. visceral membranes
PARIETAL: lines the body cavities (outer membrane) VISCERAL: lines the outer part of the organs within the body cavity (inner membrane)
68
atomical position
arms down w/ palms facing forward feet flat together on floor head held straight eyes facing forward
69
dorsal and ventral cavity
DORSAL: cranial(brain), vertebral(spinal cord) VENTRAL: Thorastic(pericardial-heart) & (pleural-lungs) Abdomiopelvic (stomach, large/small intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen) Pelvic( bladder, reproductive, terminal end of large intestine)
70
intrinsic regulation vs. extrinsic regulation
INTRINSIC: when organs are able to maintain homeostasis in their own (ex. heart controlling heart rate) EXTRINSIC: organs are controlled by outside system such as endocrine or nervous system. *extrinsic systems are capable of overriding intrinsic systems*
71
what is negative feedback and an example
mechanisms are self regulating. they slow down or speed up metabolic pathways in response to stimulus, and their response ends up negating or removing the effect of the stimulus which then stops feedback response. EX. BODY TEMP INCREASES> SWEATING ACTIVATED> BODY TEMP DECREASES
72
relationship of form/function a&p
form: how the (body) is put together-bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments Then onto the organ structure, down to the cellular level. Function: how (the body) works What does it do? Ex. Structure of an organ- the largest in the human body epidermis(skin). Function regulates body temperature, expands to allow body movement, cools the body temperature, houses nerve endings, enabling to feel pressure or pain.
73
levels of organization
cell tissue organ organ system organism
74
ABCDE of skin cancer
A: asymmetry B:border C: color D: diameter E: evolving
75
Types of burns
1ST DEGREE: (superficial burn) -only effect epidermis 2ND DEGREE: (partial thickeness) -epidermis and part of dermis 3RD DEGREE:(full thickness) -destroyes epidermis and dermis
76
how does skin respond to injury and repair itself
Red blood cells help create collagen fibers. The wound starts to fill in with new tissue, called granulation tissue. New skin begins to form over this tissue. As the wound heals, the edges pull inward and the wound gets smaller.
77
how are nails formed:
Nails start in the nail root When cells at the root of the nail grow, the new nail cells push out the old nail cells. These old cells flatten and harden, thanks to keratin, a protein made by these cells. The newly formed nail then slides along the nail bed, the flat surface under your nails.
78
how is hair produced
Hair grows by forming new cells at the base of the root. These cells multiply to form a rod of tissue in the skin. The rods of cells move upward through the skin as new cells form beneath them. As they move up, they're cut off from their supply of nourishment and start to form a hard protein called keratin.
79
how does cartilage grow interstitially
In interstitial growth, chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.
80
formed elements in blood
erythrocytes (red blood cells) leukocytes (white blood cells) thrombocytes (platelets)
81
Merocrine Mode of Secretion
Exocytosis: cell remains intact and continuously secretes the cellular secretion Sweat Glands: eccrine, apocrine
82
Aprocrine Mode of Secretion
apical portion pinches off and leaves duct mammary glands
83
Holocrine Mode of Secretion
cell bursts; death sebaceous glands: hair follicles

a&p 1 (11 decks)

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