A&P EXAM 1 Flashcards
Lectures 1.1-3.3 (111 cards)
1
Q
physical parts of an organism
A
anatomy
2
Q
operation of some part of the human body, how it functions
A
physiology
3
Q
demystify the human body (understand body and clear misconceptions)
A
purpose of A&P
4
Q
controls that govern physiology
ex. speed up or slow down
A
regulation
5
Q
dynamic but stable equilibrium of body systems
A
homeostasis
6
Q
too much of something
A
hyperactivity
7
Q
too little of something
A
hypoactivity
8
Q
organism expends energy to maintain homeostasis
A
life
9
Q
smallest level of body organization
A
cell
10
Q
2nd smallest level of organization
A
tissue
11
Q
3rd level of organization
A
organ
12
Q
2nd largest level of organization
A
organ system
13
Q
largest level of body organization
A
organism
14
Q
broad; something that that thing does
ex. every cell engages in ATP production
A
function
15
Q
what is serves to the greater organism
ex. heart pumps blood
A
purpose
16
Q
gets us to maturity/ repair damage
A
growth
17
Q
what regulates larger scales of organisms?
A
small scales
18
Q
central nervous system sends signals to peripheral nervous system via nerves
A
neurological regulation
19
Q
cells release chemicals (usually hormones) to send signals
A
chemical regulation
20
Q
disrupts homeostasis; change encouraged and accelerated
A
positive feedback
21
Q
encourages homeostasis; changes discouraged and slowed down/ reversed
A
negative feedback
22
Q
everything physical
A
matter
23
Q
particle of matter that defines elements
A
atoms
24
Q
+1 charge; # identifies element
A
protons
25
subatomic particle with -1 charge
electrons
26
0 charge; # defines isotopes
neutrons
27
atoms with net electrical charge
ions
28
atoms of one element with different # of neutrons and weight
isotopes
29
sharing of electrons
covalent bond
30
unequal sharing of electrons due to differences in electronegativity; partial charges
ex. water
polar covalent
31
what is the most common molecule in the body?
water
32
passive movement of solutes
diffusion
33
passive movement of solvent
osmosis
34
What 6 elements make up 90% of the body?
O, C, H, N, Ca, P
35
Most molecules in the body posses what molecule?
carbon
36
why carbon is so common in the body
can form up to 4 covalent bonds; can form complex 3D models; non-polar bonds
37
parts other than C and H that are more reactive; gives molecule their capabilities
functional groups
38
what makes water a great solvent?
polarity
39
measure of the relative balance between OH- and H+ concentrations
pH
40
pH for most biological fluids
6-8
41
large, complex molecules
macromolecules
42
classes of macromolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
43
sugars and polymers made of sugars; energy sources
carbohydrates
44
monomer of sugars
monosaccharide
45
polymer of sugar
ex. starch, glycogen
polysaccarides
46
made of one or more polypeptides; most dry mass of most cells
proteins
47
how can proteins do so many jobs?
intricate and delicate structures
48
monomers of proteins
amino acids
49
structure of amino acid
carboxyl group, amine group, R group
50
give distinguishing properties to amino acids
R groups
51
macromolecule; fats, steroids
lipids
52
glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
structure of fat molecule
53
has max H w/ no double bonds
ex. butter
saturated fat
54
has one or more double bonds
ex. olive oil
unsaturated fat
55
used for energy storage, cushion/ insulation
fats
56
= 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group + glycerol
makes up PM
hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head
phospholipid
57
macromolecule; DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
58
nitrogenous base + ribose sugar + one or more phosphate groups
structure of DNA/RNA
59
information to make proteins
antiparallel strands
strands bonded through base pairing (weak hydrogen bounds)
DNA
60
single stranded
U instead of T
folds in on itself
RNA
61
form barriers and separate regions of cell and outermost boundary
made of phospholipids
purpose of membranes
62
fluid mosaic
semipermeable
plasma membrane
63
What molecules are easily passed through PM?
small, hydrophobic molecules
64
How is permeability increased?
transport proteins
65
region between PM and nucleus
filled with cytosol
cytoplasm
66
specialized structures in cell
"little organs"
organelles
67
network of organelles made up of membrane and exchange materials
Endomembrane system
68
contains DNA
regulates access with own membrane called nuclear envelope
nucleus
69
within nucleus
highest concentration of DNA
constructs rRNA for ribosome synthesis
nucleolus
70
site of protein synthesis
small and large subunit
instructions from mRNA
ribosome
71
flattened membranes attached to nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
72
no ribosomes
columnar shape
engages in metabolism, stores calcium
smooth ER
73
embedded ribosomes
secretes proteins
creates transport vesicles, membrane production
rough ER
74
network of filaments that anchor cells and move materials
cytoskeleton
75
flattened membranous sacs
receives and modifies packages from ER
has a sending and receiving end
Golgi apparatus
76
small packages of membranes filled with digestive enzymes
digests food and breaks down recycling and waste
lysosomes
77
organelle for cellular respiration
2 membranes (outermost and innermost)
own DNA
mitochondria
78
folds of mitochondria
cristae
79
space between cells
filled with fluid and other materials
interstitial spaces
80
non-fluid stuff in interstitial spaces
maintained by surrounding cells
ex. collagen or elastin
extracellular matrix
81
allow passage for large and/or hydrophilic molecules
ex. channel and carrier
transport proteins
82
tube that only allows specific molecules that fit
channel protein
83
allows specific ions through
ion channel
84
opens with specific molecule bonds to it
ligand-gated channel protein
85
open or closes when voltage changes beyond range
voltage-gated channel protein
86
changes shape to move things
carrier proteins
87
dictate direction of movement for solutes
gradients
88
voltage across a membrane
- inside cell
+ outside cell
used for contractions, neurological signal transmission, nutrient absorption
membrane potential
89
bulk transport
leaving cell
exocytosis
90
bulk transport
entering cell
endocytosis
91
1) reception
2) transduction
3) response
phases of cell signaling
92
signal molecules
created and released by endocrine system
hormones
93
nervous, muscle, epithelial
types of tissues
94
used for signaling
comprised of neurons and glia
nervous tissue
95
sense things or send signals
neurons
96
support neurons
glia
97
includes cells capable of contraction
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
muscle tissue
98
forms boundaries between distinct regions in the body; processing
protection, secretion, absorption, filtering
epithelial tissue
99
part of epithelial tissue leading to hollow space
often a tube
free edge
100
isolates and anchors epithelial cells
basement membrane
101
cellular junction
watertight seal
ex. vessels
tight junction
102
connects cytoplasm of adjacent cells
gap junctions
103
adheres cells
proteins from membranes hook on
like velcro
desmosomes
104
microscopic study of tissues
histology
105
portions of DNA
genes
106
how DNA codes for proteins
central dogma
107
DNA to mRNA
nucleotides to nucleotides
transcription
108
mRNA to proteins
nucleotides to amino acids
translation
109
expressed
exons
110
incised
introns
111
sum of all chemical reactions
controlled by cells
metabolism
